10-02-2000
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V oling Order
CouncilwomanRhodes
Councilwomanlichter
Mayor Schmidt
Councilman Brown
Councilman Vincenzi
AGENDA
CITY COUNCIL OF EDGEW A TER
REGULAR MEETING
October 2, 2000
7:00 p.m.
FLORIDA SHORES CLUB HOUSE
2932 Lime Tree Drive
1. CALL TO ORDER, ROLL CALL, INVOCATION, PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE
2. APPROVAL OF MINUTES
A. Regular Meeting of September 11, 2000
3. PRESENT A TIONSIPROCLAMA TIONSIPLAQUES/CERTIFICA TESIDONA TIONS
A. Vince T ornelli to address Council regarding his concerns relating to potential
traffic problems of large trucks accessing the Florida Shores Truck Center
due to the widening of SR 442.
4. CITIZEN COMMENTS
(This is the time for the public to come forward with any comments they may have. Please
state your name and address, and please limit your comments to five minutes or less.)
5. CITY COUNCIL REPORTS
6. PUBLIC HEARINGS, ORDINANCES AND RESOLUTIONS
A. Public Hearing, Addition of Fluoride to the Water - for discussion and public
input.
7. CONSENT AGENDA
Items on the consent agenda are defined as routine in nature that do not warrant detailed
discussion or individual action by the Council; therefore, all items remaining on the consent
agenda shall be approved and adopted by a single motion, second and vote by the City
Council. Items on the consent agenda are not subject to discussion. One ofthe most basic
rules of a consent agenda is that any member of the City Council may remove any item
from the consent agenda simply by verbal request at the City Council meeting.
Removing an item from the consent agenda does not require a motion, second or a vote; it
would simply be a unilateral request of an individual Council member.
None at this time.
8. OTHER BUSINESS
A. Southeast V olusia Humane Society Agreement - staff requesting Council
review and supply comments and/or suggestions for insertion into the "draft"
Agreement.
B. Franchise Agreement for Off-Site Signs - staff requesting Council review and
discuss the agreement with "Smart Lite", a division of Directional Ad-
Vantage Florida, LLC.
9. OFFICER REPORTS
A. City Clerk
B. City Attorney
C. City Manager
10. CITIZEN COMMENTS/CORRESPONDENCE
11. ADJOURN.
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City Council Agenda
October 2,2000
Page -2-
Notes:
1) Citizen comments relating to any agenda matter may be made at the time the matter is before
Council. Please state your name and address, and please limit your comments to five minutes
or less.
2) All items for inclusion on the October 23, 2000, agenda must be received by the City Manager's
office no later than 4:30 p.m. Monday, October 16,2000.
Pursuant to Chapter 286, F8., if an individual decides to appeal any decision made with respect to any matter considered
at a meeting or hearing, that individual will need a record of the proceedings and will need to insure that a verbatim record
of the proceedings is made.
In accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, persons needing assistance to participate in any of these proceedings
should contact City Clerk Susan Wadsworth, 904-424-2407, prior to the meeting.
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FLORIDA SHORES TRUCK CENTER
3220 W. STATE RD. 442
(MAILING ADDRESS) P.O. BOX 880
EDGEWATER, FL 32132
(904) 428-0841 CELL (904) 334-3450FAX (904) 428-0338
September 14, 2000
Edgewater City Council
Attn. Ken Hooper
P.O. Box 100
Edgewate~ FL 32132
Dear Mr. Hooper,
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As you know the Department of Transportation is in the process of widening SR
442. We would like to make the City Council aware that when the road is
widened, it will not be possible for tractor/trailers to safely access Florida Shores
Truck Center and return to 1-95. This will cause truck traffic to leave through the
city of Edgewater. We would like to explain this problem and make the City
Council aware of what's happening before it is completed.
Sincerely,
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Vince Tornelli
V.P.
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Page 1 of2
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Main Identity
From:
To:
Cc:
Sent:
Attach:
Subject:
Jackie Calkins <Jackie.Tuttle@dot.state.f1.us>
DSchmidt <DSchmidt@cityofedgewater.org>; KHooper <KHooper@cityofedgewater.org>
Fred Ferrell <Fred.Ferrell@dot.state.f1.us>; Steve Homan <Steve.Homan@dot.state.f1.us>
Monday, October 02,200012:05 PM
MEMO 100200 120216.txt
Council Meeting Tonight
Ken & Don:
Re: City Council Meeting/SR 442 Widening project from 1-95 to US-1
State FPN Numbers: 240812-1 & 240811-1
With the majority of this project going to a 4-lane divided roadway, there
continues to be interest in how this will impact the traveling public. Ie:
median openings and signals
I have talked with several property owners - - - Including Vince Torellini
(owner of Florida Shores Truck Center) and Rick Rosen (Fruit Distributor just
west of Mission Rd.). They are concerned about trucks being able to
ingress/egress to their business. I wanted to let you know that this project
is still being reviewed. Fred Ferrell is presently doing a signal warrant
study for Mission Rd. At its conclusion, a decision will be made whether a
signal is needed or not.
Other Design changes have already been made and copies of plans have been faxed
to Vince. The Design Consultant (GAl) has improved the turning radius at
Mission Rd. and Cow Creek Rd. Contractor will add additional pavement:
(1) west of Mission Rd Intersection: on the north side of SR 442.
(width of eastbound lane 35.4 ft + median 34.2 ft + westbound lane 23.6 ft)
There will be a total of 93.2 feet total area for the turning radius. Adequate
for large trucks making u-turns to go back to 1-95, and
(2) Cow Creek Rd Intersection.: on the south side of SR 442. There
will also be a total of 93.2 feet total area for the turning radius. This
allows trucks coming from the City of Edgewater (east) to make a u-turn to go
west to Florida Shores Truck Center...
Steve Homan, District Public Information Officer, may also attend the meeting
tonight. He has a family commitment and hopefully will be able to speak for
the Department, if needed. I know that Vince is planning to attend.
We appreciate your help in resolving setback requirements to keep our RfW
acquisition process on schedule to meet the July 2001 Production date and
December 2001 letting
Should you have any questions, please call. Jackie
10/2/00
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Page 2 of2
Ms. Jackie Calkins
Florida Dept. of Transportation
District 5 Consultant Project Mgmt, MS 4-542
DeLand, Florida 32720
Phone: (904) 943-5552
Fax: (904) 736-5153
E-Mail: Jackie.Calkins@dot.state.fl.us
10/2/00
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Jeb Bush
Governor
Robert G. Brooks, M.D.
Secretary
ROmDAD~ARTMENTOF
HEAL T
August 31,2000
Ms. Donna Crouser
City of Edgewater
P.O. Box 100
Edgewater, FL 32132
Dear Ms. Crouser:
Thank you for requesting information on grant money available for initiating community water
fluoridation. I have enclosed a packet of information on fluoridation; the packet contains
background information on fluoridation, the status of fluoridation in Florida and information on
the grant funds available. The first requirement for obtaining grant funding is to have the
community's governing body authorize fluoridation for its water system.
Once fluoridation is authorized, the next step is to have your engineer design your fluoridation
system, develop a cost estimate, and submit the cost estimate to our office for approval. Grant
funds will be awarded based on the negotiated/approved cost estimate amount. The grant
funds are awarded by means of a contract between the Department of Health and the
community.
I have also enclosed a copy of "Water Fluoridation, A Manual for Engineers and Technicians"
and sample cost estimate to forward to the engineer you choose to design your system. Please
feel free to have your engineer call me if I can be of assistance.
If you have any questions or need additional information, please don't hesitate to call.
Sincerely,
RIuJ&t:L It. dftl-~~
Rhoda A. Lawrence, RDH
Fluoridation Project Coordinator
Public Health Dental Program
(850) 245-4333
4052Bald Cypress Way, Bin #A-14, Tallahassee, FL 32399-1724
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planners
surveyors
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PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING CONSUL TANTS, INC.
September 27, 2000
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Mr. Terry Wadsworth
City of Edgewater
P.O. Box 100
Edgewater, FL 32132-0100
RE: Fluoridation of Potable Water
Dear Mr. Wadsworth:
As you requested, we are providing to you this letter report discussing the benefits and
risks of fluoridation of potable water in public drinking systems. We have reviewed
several sources including articles provided by the United States Centers for Disease Control
(COC) and the American Academy of Family Physicians. These sources address the
history of fluoridation in the public drinking water supply, costs of fluoridating public
drinking water to the provider, risks and benefits to the public exposed to fluoridated
water, and recommend that children above the age of six months, receive fluoride
supplements in areas where fluoridated water is not provided.
I have attached three articles discussing fluoridated drinking water. The following two
articles provide an overview of fluoridation of drinking water including risks and benefits
to the public.
1. Achievements in Public Health. 1900-1999: Fluoridation of Drinking Water to
Prevent Dental Caries, MMWR Weekly, October 22, 1999. (This is a CDC
publication. )
2. Fluoridation of Public Water Supplies, American Academy of Family Physicians,
Clinical Policies - AAFP Reference Manual, February 1996.
Additionally, we have included an article from the September 29, 1995 issue of MMWR
titled Ensdneerin2, and Administrative Recommendations for Water Fluoridation. 1995
which may be of interest to you.
These articles recommend fluoridation of public watel supplies and maintain that it is safe,
economical, and an effective measure to prevent dental caries. 1l1e articles suggest that
the benefits received by a community provided with fluoridated drinking water outweigh
the potential health risks associated with fluoride. Many of the potential health risks are
unsubstantiated and inconclusive.
Below, we have summarized reported risks and benefits to the public of exposure to
fluoride through potable water.
'Engin88ring Our Community"
200 Easl Robinson Street. Suite 1560 . Orlando. Florida 32801 . 407/422-6062 . FAX 407/849.9401
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September 27, 2000
Page 2
Benefits
1. Evidence indicates that fluoride is beneficial to dental health. Studies have shown
that persons living in areas with fluoridated water have a reduced occurrence of
dental caries and subsequent room loss. Additional studies show me prevalence of
dental caries following the removal of fluoride supplementation to drinking water.
2. Fluoridation of the vublic drinkine: water suootv is cost effective. Compared with
other community-based dental caries prevention programs, fluoridation of drinking
water is me most cost effective for most areas of the United States in terms of cost
per saved tooth surface.
Risks
1.
Acute toxic effects from fluoride occur at doses of 1-5 me/k~. A community
should notify its customers that the public water supply is fluoridated so that other
sources of fluoride in the diet may be limited (e.g., fluorid~ supplements, etc.)
2. Chronic exposure to fluoride may result in dental fluorosis or skeletal fluorosis.
Dental fluorosis occurs with increased fluoride levels during tooth fonnation. It is
considered to be primarily cosmetic and dose not appear to compromise dental or
oral function. Skeletal fluorosis is considered extremely rare with only a handful
of cases reported over the last 30 years.
3. Studies are jnconclusive regarding: the carcinoeenicity of life-long exposure to
fluoride in the diet oflaboratory animals. Studies of cancer incidence in fluoridated
and non-fluoridated communities identified no significant difference.
4. Studies rqarding hip fracture rates and fluoridated drinking water have yielded no
consistent results.
5. Knowledge regarding the reproductive and genotoxic effects of fluoride is limited.
Available evidence does not support an association between fluoridated public
drinking warer and congenital malformations. Data on genotoxic effects are
unavailable.
Dental caries represent a health problem which impacts on the medical, functional,
nutritional and psychological status of patients. Fluoridation of public drinking water
supplies is a safe, economical and effective measure to prevent dental caries.
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September 27, 2000
Page 3
We anticipate that these articles and the summary provided herein will assist the City in its
decision to provide fluoridated drinking water to its customers. If you have questions or
would like to discuss this further, please do not hesitate to contact me.
Sincerely.
PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS. INC.
f!!!:!! ~.E.
Senior Engineer/Project Manager
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~~Hialist in Pediatric
~ Rdolescent Dentislrq
. Volusia County Water Fluoride Concentrations
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:::> AUendale Yes (1.0)
:::> Cassadaga No (0.17)
=:. Daytona Beach Yes (0.81)
:::> Daytona Beach Shores Yes (0.66)
=:> Debary No (0.18)
=:> Deland Yes ???
~ Deleon Springs Yes (1.0)
~ Edgewater No (0.23) .
~ Flagler Beach No
::::- Harbor Oaks Yes (1.0)
- Holly Hill Yes (1.01)
~ Lake Baresford No (0.12)
::::> Lake Helen No (0.2)
~ New Smyrna Beach Yes (0.68)
~ Orange City No (0.16)
::::> Ormond Beach Yes (0.85)
~ Palm Coast Yes (0.17)
::::> Pierson No (0,24)
= Ponce Inlet Yes (0.66)
=:. Port Orange Yes (0.66)
~ South Daytona Yes (0.81)
i NEW LURIDE DROPS DOSAGE SCHEDULE"
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I: W A TER CONTENT
Ages o ppm-O.3 ppm 0.33 ppm-O.6 ppm O.6ppm
II 6 100.-3 ~'rs. 0.25 mg (1/2 101 Lunde) 0 0
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3-6 yrs. 0.5 109 (1 101 Lunde) " 0.25 109 VI 101 Lunde 0
6-16 yrs. 1.0 mg (2 101 Lunde) o.s 109 (1 101 Lunde) 0
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Fluoride has been banned in much of Western Europe.
You cannot buy fluoride toothpaste. Less than 2% of Western Europe drink
fluoridated water compared to over 60% of the United States population. A
tube of toothpaste can kill a child. The label now reads "Keep out of the reach
of children. If you accidentally swallow more than used for brushing, seek
professional assistance or contact a Poison Control Center immediately."
The FDA considers fluoride an unapproved new drug for which there is no
proof of safety or effectiveness and the EPA lists it as a "contaminant".
Although calcium fluoride can occur naturally, the type of fluoride added to
municipal water is a hazardous waste product of the aluminum industry,
phosphate fertilizer industry, and other industries.
Fluoride has been linked in government and scientific reports to a wide range
of harmful effects, including: Bone and tooth decay (including dental and
skeletal fluorosis bone pathOlogy, arthritis, and osteoporosis) Alzheimer's,
memory loss and other neurological impairment, kidney damage, cancer,
genetic damage, violent behavior, and gastrointestinal problems.
Fluoride was found to be an equivocal carcinogen by the National Cancer
Institute Toxicological Program. Studies had found a 5% increase in all types
of cancers in fluoridated communities.
According to the Journal of the American Medical Association, drinking
fluoridated water will double the number of hip fractures for both older men
and women. Extremely low levels of water fluoridation 0.1 ppm still
produced statistically significant increased hip fractures.
FDA scientists reported a close correlation between decreasing total fertility
rates in women and increasing fluoride levels. In addition, fluoride has been
found to leach lead from old water pipes and soldering material, which has
resulted in increased lead levels in people. In 1993, The US Dept. of Health
and Human Services stated "Existing data indicate that subsets of the
population may be unusually susceptible to the toxic effects of fluoride and
its compounds. These populations include the elderly, people with
deficiencies of calcium, magnesium, and/or Vitamin C, and people with
cardiovascular and kidney problems. From a former EPA scientist, "Based on
data from the National Academy of Sciences, current levels of fluoride
exposure in drinking water may cause arthritis in a substantial portion of the
population long before they reach old age. "
Opaque white spots and brown ugly teeth caused by fluoride is called
Fluorosis. Fluorosis currently affects one out of five or more children in this
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nation although it is rarely seen in California; which is the least fluoridated
state with less than 16% of the population drinking artificially fluoridated
water. According to The Centers for Disease Control, at least 22% of all
American children now have dental fluorosis as a result on ingesting too
much fluoride. That rate may be 69% in children from high socioeconomic-
status families and those who live in fluoridated communities, according to a
July 1998 report from The Academy of Pediatric Dentistry and corroborated
in several reports published since 1995 in the Journal of The American
Dental Association. From the head of the Department of Preventive Dentistry
for the University of Toronto, "In Canada we are now spending more money
treating dental fluorosis than we do treating cavities. That includes my own
practice." Two months ago, the Institute of Dentistry University of Oulu,
Finland reported that despite discontinuation of water fluoridation, no
increase of caries frequency in primary teeth was observed within a three-year
period. Fluoride is not effective in reducing tooth decay. No correlation was
found between the level of fluoride in water and dental caries..
Fluoride can be found in any food or beverage made with fluoridated
municipal water. In 1994, the American Dental Association's Council on
Scientific Affairs approved a new Fluoride Supplementation Dosage
Schedule with the following cautions, "All sources of fluoride must be
evaluated with a thorough fluoride history...Patient exposure to multiple
sources can make proper prescribing complex." The ADA does not point out
in their recommendations that multiple sources of fluoride include processed
foods and beverages, which also makes it impossible to determine fluoride
exposure or control it. In 1997, The Academy of General Dentistry
representing 35,000 dentists, warned parents to limit their children's intake of
juices due to fluoride content. The American Dental Association recommends
NO fluoride supplements for most babies, 3 years and under. Doctors and
pediatricians advise against infants, children, and adults consuming from our
water supply. A large percentage of our local population drink only bottled
water or water from purification systems.
Even if we do not drink from the tap, we use it for cooking and we absorb
large amounts through our skin when we bathe or swim. If we are truly
concerned about children's teeth, let us investigate hiring new dentists to
provide free care. If you are not convinced or want more information, search
for "Fluoridation Dangers" on the internet.
~
. ~ CHAPTER 8
SOLUTIONS, ACIDS, AND BASES
FLUORIDATION OF DRINKING WATER
Although no one debates the removal
of lead contaminants from drinking water,
the addition of fluoride ions to the water
supply has sparked debate for over fifty
years. Beginning in 1945, F- was added to
many American drinking water supplies
to combat tooth decay. Fluoridated drink-
ing water contains about 1 ppm (range =
0.7-1.2 ppm) F- ions (from sodium fluo-
ride, NaF, or another fluoride). What are
the benefits and risks of fluoridation?
THE SOCIOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE
Some experts believe that fluoride ions re-
duce the formation of caries (cavities) in
teeth. Early studies indicated reductions
of as much as 60 percent; more recent
reports claim a caries reduction rate of less
than 35 percent. These same studies also
indicate fluoride administration is effec-
tive in combatting tooth decay only in
children under ten years of age.
Fluoride prevents or reduces caries by
replacing the OH in tooth enamel. Tooth
enamel is composed of the compound cal-
cium hydroxyapatite, Cas (P04h OH. The
F- ion replaces some of the OH groups in
the compound, forming fluorinated cal-
cium hydroxyapatite, Cas (P04h OHO-xl
F" where x is between zero and one. Bones;
which also consist of calcium hydroxyap-
atite, take up the F- ion replacement as
well.
But does fluoridated drinking water
pose any risks? The Merck Index and the
Physician's Desk Reference note that the
ingestion of 0.25-0.45 g NaF can cause
severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea;
ingesting 4 g NaF can be fatal. If you drink
eight 8-ounce (200 mL) glasses of water
!. daily, you ingest 250 L water and 0.25 g
I NaF in 156 days (a little more than five
months). At this rate, you would ingest a
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total of 4.0 g NaF in slightly less than
seven years.
Fortunately, healthy individuals ex-
crete most of the F- ions they ingest daily.
(Some people with kidney diseases and
other ailments don't excrete it as effi-
ciently and are more susceptible to the
toxic effects of NaE) However, excessive
F- usage can cause a condition known as
chronic endemic dental fluorosis in which
teeth become mottled and brittle. Skele-
tal fluorosis, a bone disorder than can
cause arthritis-like pain and immobility,
may also arise from high F- intake; and an
increase in the occurrence of hip fractures
has been directly linked to F-, even at the
1 ppm level. For most people, however,
the benefits of fluoridation seem to out-
weigh its risks.
THE SCIENTIFIC PERSPECTIVE
Since F- is a chemical, let's examine this
topic from a chemical perspective. Domes-
tic water is used many ways, as figure 1 in-
dicates. Only about 0.6 percent is actually
consumed by humans; this means that
99.4 percent of fluoride-treated water is
llsed for nondrinking purposes and has
no decay-prohibiting effect. In addition,
Dishes
5.3%
. Figure 1 Domestic uses for drinking water.
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many studies indicate that F- application
is most effective under age ten, but chil-
dren under ten consume less than 0.05 per-
cent of the total public water supply. This
effectively reduces the F- treatment to
0.003 percent of the drinking water supply.
Furthermore, industrial, agricultural, and
car washing uses of water were excluded
from consideration-even though they,
too, contain F- ions. Obviously, most of
the fluoride added to the water supply pro-
vides few or no health benefits or risks.
In addition, although F- ions do actu-
ally bond with the calcium hydroxyap-
atite that forms tooth enamel, tooth decay
is not caused by lack of F- ions, but rather
by streptococcal bacteria that metabolize
sugar in the mOllth. A low-sugar diet and
good dental hygiene are thus important
factors in cavity reduction. Also, F- ions
may be obtained naturally from some
foods as well as from many brands of
toothpaste and from concentrated fluoride
solutions a dental patient can swish and
spit. There seem to be few scientific rea-
sons for continuing to fluoridate drinking
", water. (The latest dental technology
makes fluoridation nearly obsolete by seal-
ing teeth in plastic to prevent caries.)
And so the debate continues. Anti-
fluoridationists feel their right to choose is
violated and their health endangered
when the water supply is fluoridated,
while fluoridation proponents argue that
the benefits of caries prevention outweigh
this objection. Unlike the chlorine in
drinking water, which is present as dis-
solved Clz gas that. boils off from the
water, F- ions cannot be easily removed.
For an excellent review of both sides of
the fluoride controversy, see the 1988
article by Bette Hileman listed in the
Readings of Interest section at the end
of the chapter.
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LcaJ Poisoning
Hong, S.; Candelone, J.-1'.; Patterson, C. c.; and Boutron, C. E
"Greenland ice evidence of hemispheric lead pollution two millennia
ago by Greek and Roman civilizations." Science, September 23, 1994,
Pl'. Iti41-1843. Lead pollution caused by the ancient Greeks and
Romans rivals what we have caused today.
Rosen, John E "Effects of low levels of lead exposure." Science, 256,
April 17, 1992, p. 294; Needleman, Herbert L., same issue, pp.
294-295. Two short discussions of the title topic.
Yanke, Charles. "From the cradle to the grave-A lead recycling
blueprint." Purchasing Managemem Magazine, February 1992. Many
ED CHArTER 8
SOLUTIONS, ACIDS, AND IJASES
Coffel, Steve. "The great fluoride fight." Garbage, May/June 1992, pp.
32-37. Gar/}(lge was one of the better magnzines in the popular envi-
ronmental field. This article gives good coverage on the history of the
problem and cites the 1989 American Dental Association report that
notes only a 25 percent reduction in tooth decay when water is fluo-
ridated. Worth reading.
Donahue, Peggy Jo. "Nip cavities"in the bud." Prevention, May 1992,
pp. 88-90, 135. This article deals primarily with tooth sealants,
which is possibly the most effective method for averting caries at this
time.
Martin, Brian. I 9Y I. Scientific knowledge in controversy: The social
dynamics of the fluoridation debate. Albany: University of Nell' York
Press. If you think we exaggerated the fact that the scientific method
has not been systematically applied to the fluoridation debate, this is
the book for you to read.
Oliwenstein, Lori. "Flap over fluoride." Discot.er, July 1989, Pl'.
34-35. A brief summary of the arguments on both sides of the fight
that points out how illogical the whole argument has become.
Hileman, Bette. "The fluoridation controversy." Chemical & Engi-
neering News, August "I, 1988, p. 26. This article, cited in the chap-
ter, is probably the most balanced presentation availalile. Subsequent
letters to the editor were evenly divided between those who believed
this author sided with antifluoridationists and those who believed
this author sided with profluoridationists.
Raloff, Janet. "Rinsing away decay." Science News, April 19, 1986, pp.
251-253. Alternate ways to prevent tooth decay instead of fluoridat-
ing drinking water systems.
Waldbott, George L. 1978. Fluoridation, the great dilemma. Lawrence,
Kansas: Coronado Press. This work, written by a medical doctor, is
probably still the key book on the topic. It contains background on
why some industries like fluoridation, plus hundreds of examples of
harm caused by fluoridation.
AciJs anJ Bases
Reese, K.M. "I-Iousehold bleach and ammonia are bad mixture."
Chemical & Engineering News, January 16, 19Y5, p. 72. Why you
should never mix these common household chemicals.
Kirschner, Elisabeth M. "Sodium hydroxide demand is booming and
supplies are dwindling." Cllelllical & Engineering News, January 9,
people in industry are very concerned about pollution. This paper
from Vulcan Lead tells how they control lead pollution by recycling.
Franklin, Deborah. "Lead, still poison after all these years." Health,
September/October 1991, pp. 39-49. An easy-to-read article about
lead pollution in the home, with several surprising conclusions.
Fluoridation
Hileman, Bette. "Study links fluoridated water and hip fractures."
Chemical & Engineering News, August 17, 1992, p. 8. This study was
done in Brigham City, Utah, where the fluoride level was I ppm. The
work was originally reported in]. Am. Med. Assn.
1 Y95, pp. 11-13. This base is one of the major inorganic chemicals
in our economy. What will happen if it is in short supply!
Thomas, John Meurig. "Solid acid caralysts." Scientific American,
April lY92, pp. 112-118. This topic was not discussed in this chap-
ter, but it has important industrial applications. This article tells how
solid acids can help manufacture other materials;
Foltz-Gray, Dorothy. "The swimming pool solution." Health, Febru-
ary/March, 1992, pp. 114-116. While everyone knows chlorine is
used in swimming pools, pH is also extremely important.
AciJ Rain
Monastersky, R. "Acid precipitation drops in the United States." Sci-
ellcc News, July 10, 1993. This paper reports the results of a study that
showed acid rain levels dropped between 1980 and 199 I.
Glam, James. "Envirunmental research." H&D Magazille, September
28, 1992, Pl'. 83-86. This article describes the possible use of 450-
foot-tall towers to suck the pollutants out of the Los Angeles air. The
designer, Melvin Prueitt, believes ninety-five such towers could
purify half the air in L.A. each day.
Pennisi, E. "Salt, not acid rain, may mottle Ms. Liberty." Science
News, August 17, 199 I, p. 10 I. Acid rain cannot be blamed for all
the corrosion in the wurld. Salt can be even worse!
Marx, Wesley. "Environmental countdown: \Vhere we're losing-
And winuing." Header's Digest, May 1990, pp. 99-105. Contains
much information on acid rain.
Raloff, Janet. "Where acids reign." Science News, July 22, 1989, pp.
56-58. A not-so-pleasant storyj,uut the effects of acid rain on the
Bavarian timber forests.
American Chemical Society. J 9.t{5. Acid rain. This free pamphlet is
probably the best single source f, 'I acid rain information. Copies can
be obtained by writing to the ai/ice of Federal Regulatory Programs,
ACS Dept. of Government Relations and Science Policy, 1155 16th
Street, NW, Washi,Wton, D.C. 20036.
Peterson, Ivars. "Acid rain's p' ditkal web." Science News, July 28,
1984, Pl'. 58-59. This article I ,ints out how the political solutions
to the problem of acid raill se III to lag behind research. Not much
has changed since 1984.
"~ALrERNArIVES
1M
For the Health Conscious Individual
I'tloulltain Home Publishing
ISSN #0893-5025
Dr. David G. Williams
SPECIAL ALERT!
For years, there have been those of us
deeply concerned about our water supply.
Thousands have been persecuted, and harassed in
their efforts to prevent the fluoridation of our public
water supplies. New evidence we've just receivcd
should bring this harassment to a screeching halt.
While government authorities have
continued to assure the public that fluoride is
completely safe, independcnt research studies have
told a different story. Fluoride has been directly
linlwd tu: kidney lInd bladder disurders; bOlle
malfurmation; arthritis; skin disease; calcified
deposits in the aorta; interference with thyroid
function, causing hypothyroidism leading to obesity
problems, and even' a weakening of the immune
system.
In addition to all of the above problems,
there has always been a question of whether fluoride
was linked to increased cancer rates in ,those cities
using fluoridated drinking water. Time and time
again, however, our own government, and the
"health" media have reassured the public that no
such connection exists. It now appears there will be
a lot of explaining to do.
We have received information from several
very reliable sources that fluoride has lust been
linked to bone cancer in an ongoing federally-funded
studyl
A 10 year study, just now being completed
by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) (a part
of the Department of Health and Human Services),
u__ _. __
(VoI.3, No.8)
Februaay, 1990
was being dune to rule out any pussibility thai
fluoride causes cancer. Much tu everyone's surprise,
bone tumors found iii' the laboratory animals werl)
found to be the direct result of fluoride ingestion.
Even before the study was complete, the NTl)
contacted the Eil viwnmental Protection ^ geney
(EP A) to inform them that fluoride was
carcinogenic.
It appears their main concerns were: the
possible liability situation that may face public
utility boards across the country; ami the high costs
of removing fluoride where it exists naturally ill
water supplies. As usual the health risks to you and
your family took a back seat to politics.
Considering this study was funded by
taxpayer's money in a effort to clear up the safety
question of fluoride once and for all, it's going to be
difficult to suppress the results. It literally boggles
the mind that something as potentially dangerous
as fluoride could have the unwavering support of
organized dentistry (American Dental Association),
and medicine (American Medical Association) even
this long, not to mention every U.S. Surgeon
General since 1950.
Fluoridation of the water supply started in
the 1940's in a so-called effort to prevent tooth
decay. While most countries around the world have
"
'.
-1 -
","
;
either diRcontimlpd fluoridation. or chosfl never to
start such a program. over 50% of the population'in
thp {i.S. drink fluoridated water. (Only New
Zealand and Australill ha vp a higher percent of their
populations using fluoridated water. at 66%. The
0111.\ other major countries using the procedure are
Canada at 50%. Ireland at. 50%. and the U.S.S.R. at
Ib'7lJ.) (Chern. & Eng. News 88;66:26-42)
The following larger cities {in addition to
hundreds of smaller oneSl currently have fluoridated
drinking water. Additionally, in some locations the
drinking water is nULurally fluoridaLed.
thp publication of articles,. and research opposing
flt:.oridation. Fluoride may be useful in certain
instances when it is not ingested, and exposure and
dosag~ can be controlled. Such may be the case with
mouthwashes, and limited direct application to the
teeth. Adding it indiscriminately to drinking water
is entirely a different matter.
It stands to reason that those who drink
more water, ingest more fluoride. Those with kidney
problems, children, and pregnant mothers are also
at increased risk from excess fluoride.
1 hope that this latest study gets the media
City Fluoridated Water Date Instituted
New York City Yes 1965
Los Angeles No
Chicago Yes 1956
Houston Yes 1982
Philadelphia Yes 1954
Detroit Yes 1967
San Diego Discontinued 1954 1952
Dallas Yes 1966
San Antonio No
Phoenix No
Baltimore Yes 1952
San Francisco Yes 1952
Indianapolis Yes 1951
San Jose No
Memphis Yes 1970
Washingtoll,D.C. Yes 1952
J acksollville Yes Naturally I not ndded
Milwaukee Yes 1953
Boston Yes 1978
Columbus Yes 1973
New Orleans Yes , 1974
Cleveland Yes ..
1956
Denver Yes 1954
EI Paso Yes Naturally, not added
Seattle Yes 1969
Nashville-Davidson . .. ,Yes 1953
Oklahoma City Yes 1954
Kansas City (MOl Yes 1981
Fort Worth Yes 1965
St. Louis Yes 1955
Authorities have been placing the drug,
fluoride, in our water supplies for almost 50 years
now. The procedure continues, even though some
early studies indicate cancer rates are increased 5%
in cities using fluoridation. Medical and scientific
"peer reviewed" journals have routinely suppressed
-2-
attention it deserves. Hopefully, by the time you
read this, efforts will be underway to correct this
serious problem. If not, once again you'll have to
take action on your own by switching to bottled or
distilled water. (Publisher's note: See VoL2, No.2 [or
Dr. Williams' current recommendations of water
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FLUOR/VA TlON
Fluoride is cOll1mollplace today ill cfecay. Sillce tile til/1e fluuritfe GIIIG/or/ tin)
tootllpastes, l1loutllwaslles, and drill/lillg water system ill tile United Stale.';, tlwre
water. In tile Ullited States alone, over lIave veen l/1any l1ealtlHelated fJlUlJlmll.'> ,
121 million people are now cfrinl<ing wl1ile at (/w same lil/1e, no slatislically
artificially fluoridated water. Manyexperts significallt reductiun ill tootl1 dec:.JY. Ur. ~
would argue that it poses 0 serious Ilealll, Ouan Ilirllself Iws twice veell forced lu
ris/-;. Fluuride is u hllUWII f.!oisUII llIICf 11:1.'; nt!llIit in Cli/1I1 (/,nl Ilis urh,innl slnli.'-;Ii(;s ;>.
VUOII c..:I:lssiliocf as VUl y Iu.,ic tu uxlwr 1Ie1)! 1:1 VOl illfl flllli/ hl:ltiun WOI 0 ill valid ~'1/
toxic vy tile National Livrary of Clllista Uunielsun, M.tJ., luunt! :III
Medicine's curllputelized data service 011 illcreased risk of 1/1;) fraclure in men and
toxic substances. NUll1eruus stucfies Iwve wU/llen over age sixty-five wllo Iwd veen
demonstrated tllat fluorides are largely exposed to fluoride in tlleir dlillfling water
retained in tile body and build up for about twenty years. At least /U
poisonous concentrations Ihere.25 percent of fluoride in adults is deposited
Drs. R. N. Mukherjee and F. H. Sobels in bones, and studies have sllown a
of the University of Leiden in Holland positive correlation between higller
found that fluoride increases the fluoride intake and decreased bone mass
frequency of genetic damage in sperm and strengtll.29
cells of laboratory animals exposed to x- In 1975, JollII Yiamouyiannis, M.D.,
rays and inhibits Ihe repair of DNA.26 and Dean Burl<, M.D., compared ten
Fluoride was first introduced into the large U.S. cities that fluoridated tlleir
public water systems in the United States water willi ten cities that did not. Tiley
in 1945 through an experiment, which discovered a link between fluoride and a
grew out of researcll done by /-1. Trendley 10 percent increase in cancer deaths
Dean, D.D.S. (the "father of fluoridation") over a thirteen to seventeen-year period.
for IlIe Public Health Services. Dr. Dean As a resull of tl1ese studies, tests were
was trying' to determine the reason some ordered vy Congress that confirmed
people had l1igher than normal levels of fluoride added to water causes cancer in
staining of their leeth. /-lis finding cited laboratoryanimals.3o
fluoride as the cause of the staining, but In spite of all the research and finding,
also credited fluoride as tile reason these . (Iuoride is still commonplace in the United
same peopfe had fewer cavities.27 States today. It has, however, veen
In 1950, the Public Health System vanned in Austria, Denmark, France,
recommended using artificial fluoridation Greece, /lnly, Luxembourg, the Nell1er-
in tile public water systems to fight toolll lands, Norway, and Spain.
I
":~~~'lm~~WM1~~~~~~~~~4~~~~"t~if~Jt~'~i~i~:1,i''1!Ji\. ~~I, ~"". ~,~ r.l~ '_ i'
comc togcthcr to sol vc thc IIlcrcl.ry pl'ublelll alllI II Jakc dell tis try a health-
cnhancing clldcavor that clinlillatcs, illste:ltl or prollloles, disease. "111 lhe
futurc," says Dr. ZiIT, "I forcsec bOlllling IIlHlerials bccollling nluch 1I1ure
,biocolllpatible, along with ncw tcclllliqucs bcillg dcveluped that will
addrcss thc problellls of nlodcrtl dClltistry."
"Thc clllphasis Illust bc IIIOI'C ill tllC way or prcvcntioll," says Dr.
Arana. "So whell Jlcople ill thc anti-alllalgalll nlOVClllCllt say wc'rc guing
to have to retrain the dentists, thcy're right, but it call be donc. I think the
materials being used now arc very close 10 being ablc to fix the teeth so
they're white and beautirul without any uallgcr or toxicity problellls."
Toxic-rrec, uiological dcntal trcatlllent has thc possibility ur UII
ovcrall stress reductioll so grcat that paticllts could losc all or IIIaIlY uf
thcir distrcssing chronic discasc S)'lIlptOIIlS. "Thc next great advallcClllcnt
ill IIlcdicinc will COIIIC rrolll thc dClltists," says Dr. Aralia. "Uiological
delltislry will. out or IIcccssity, becolllc the dCllt,t1 IIICdicillC of thc twcllty-
first ccntury."
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11,1.'.94
ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES
1.:0\'" It. ".,;:. ~t , I "'t." '.' ,".,~') ....' " ,
~" Esteemed Voices Against Fluoride
....
10'
- ....-
Page 1 of2 If
Esteemed Voices have, for 50 years, warned
the American public that water fluoridation
has dangerous long-term consequences to health:
"I am appalled at the prospect of using water as a vehicle for drugs. Fluoride i.\' a
ctJ"ro.,j"e fltJj.1"tJ1I that will produce serious eITects ou a loug rauge basis. Auy attempt to 4L.
use water this way is' deplorable. " '1\
Dr. Charles Gordon Heyd, Past President ortlle Americall Medical A.\''wJciatioll.
"fluoridation... iUs the greatest fraud that has ever been perpetrated ~nd it has been
perpetrated on more people than any other fraud has. " <J _
Professor Albert Schatz, Ph.D. (Microbiology), Discoverer ofstrrj;h;;l1)'cin & Nobel Prize -r'\:
Winne,:
K
:{'
Join voices with the medical professionals who see fluoride as a health hazard.
William Marcus, Ph.D., D.A.B.T. (Toxicology), fonner U.S. EPA, John R. Lee, M.D. (Physician)
Senior Science Advisor, Office of Drinking Water. * J. C. Smart, Ph-D. (Chemistry) UCB
Albert W. Burgstahler, PILD. (Organic Chem, Environ. Fluoride) Gerard F. Judd, Ph.D. (Chemistry)
Robert J. Carton, Ph.D. (Environ. Sciences and Risk Assessment). Gerson Jacobs, MD.
Paul Connett. Ph.D. (Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology). Michael F. Ziff, D.D.S..
Richard Foulkes, M.D., fmr. Consult. to Health Minstr., BC, Canada Harvey Petraborg, MD.
J. William Hirzy, Ph.D. (Chem and Risk Assess) Sr.VP, NFFE,EPA Robert I H. Mick, D.D.S. E. R- Cooper, M.D.
Robert L. Isaacson, Ph.D. (Neurobehavioral Science). Dist. C. T. Betts, D.D.S.
Prof. David C. Kennedy, D.D.S., Inter. Acad. Oral Med. and I E. Waters, D.D.S.
Toxicology. Allen London, D.D.S.
Harold D. KIetschka, M.D., F.AC.S.(finr. Chair. of Bio-Medicus,Inc) Edward A Mclaughlin, M.D.
Lennart Krook, D.V.M., Ph.D. (Pathology) Cornell Univ.and NYSC.
Philip E. Zafagna, M.D.
Richard A Kunin, MD., Pres., Soc. for orthomotecuia HIlh.Medicine George W. Heard, D.D.S.
Gene W. Nller, Ph.D. (Biochemistry and Toxicology). Charles Dillon, D.D.S., L.D.
Phyllis Mullemy, Ph.D. Owmacology and Neumtoxicology) S. Leslie A Russell, D.M.D. (dentist)
John Colquhoun, BDS, MPhlL Ph.D., DipEd., Prin. Dent. Ofc. NZ. Casimir R. Sheft, D.D.S.
John AYiamouyiannis, Ph.D. (Biochemistry)
A K. Susheela, Ph.D., F.ASc., F.AM.S. (Ifistocryochemistry)
Benedict J. Gallo, Ph.D.(Botany). Research Mcrobiologisl.
Norman R. Mancuso,Ph.D. (Chemistry) Apollo Project Scientist.
Andrew Berna-Ificks, Hazardous Substance Engineer, Cal EPA
Jason Kuppersclunidt, B.C. (Chem. Engr)
Rudolph Ziegelbecker, Ph.D. (phys.) Inst. of Environ HJlll.Austria
M.A Krikker M.D., Hemochromatosis Found, Albany, N. Y.
Dean Burk, Ph.D. (Biochemistry) former Senior Chemist and
Director Cytochemistry Section, National Cancer Institute.
Harold Warner, Prof Of Research;' Chief, Biomedical Engineer Div.
Jonathan Forman, M.D.
Ross Pringle, D.D.S.
A B. MacWhimiie, D.D.S.
AC. Baumann, D.D.S.
Kirk Youngman, D.M.D.
L. A AIesen, M.D.
Paul W. Sheeran, D.M.D.
Thomas F. Evans, D.D.S.
Robert Davis, D.D.S.
William I FiIante, MD.
Joyal W. Taylor, D.D.S.
Sheila L. M. Gibson, M.D., B.Sc., M.F. Hom. (Research Physician) Michael Ohnstad, D.D.S.
James B. Patrick, Ph.D. (Chemistry) , Antibiotics Research. Sheridan B. Mianasen, D.D.S
I. R. B. Mann, Senior Lecturer in Environ. Studies, U. of Auckland. Scott McAdoo, D.D.S.
Bruce J. Spittle, Ph.D., Psycho. Moo., U. of Otago Moo. Sch., NZ Tony Lees, B.D.S. Denll Surgn
George L. Waldbott, MD., lladr. Inter Soc for FI. Res. andj. Fluoride
Frederick W. Howe, D.D.S.
Alfred Taylor, Ph.D, Research Scientist, Clayton Fnd. Biochem. Inst. EllswOrtIl D. Foreman, D.M.D.
Ludwik Gross, M.D, fmr Chief of Cancer Res. Vetrans Admin, N.Y. Robert D. Stephan, D.D.S.
http://www.garynulI.com/issues/FluoridelFlwlrideVoices.htm
-tetzmJl)
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V .;steemed \' oices Against Flumid.e
I
Page 2 of2
Dr. Daniel Zaskin, Chf. Diagnostician, Columbia Sch of Dental Surg. Carl Mestman, D.D.S.
Hans Moolenburgh, M.D.
Geoffrey E. Smith, L.D.S., R.C.S. Dental Surgeon.
Philip R- N. Sutton, D.D.Sc., L.D.S., F.R.AC.D.S.
Brian A Dementi- Ph.D. (Biochemistry and Toxicology)
John P. Flaherty, Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
Simon Beisler, M.D., Chief of Urology, Roosevelt Hosp. N.Y.
Fred Squier, M.D., Head of Oral Surgery, Lenox Hill Hosp. N.Y.
John Garlock, M.D., Consulting Surgeon, ML Sinai Hosp. N.Y.
Peter Mansfield, M.D.
William F. Corell, M.D.
F. Logan Stanfield, M.D.
Julian Whitaker, MD.
Robert C. Atkins, M.D.
James A Paar, M.D.
Kemieth H. Rudolph, M.D.
Edgar A Lawrence, M.D., Dir. of Medicine, Lenox Hill Jonathan Wright M.D.
Girard F. Oberrender, M.D., Dir. ofOtolaryugology, Lenox Hill John McDougall, MD.
Frederick B. Exner, M.D. Fellow of the Am. ColI. Of Radiology. Steven M. Rachlin, M.D.
Charles C. Bass, M.D., Dean Emeritus, Tulane Univ. Med. Sell. ...
Alton Ochsner, M.D., head, Dept of Surgery, Tulane Univ. Med. Sch. Jolm R. Lilliendahl, Jr. D.D.S.
. Hal A Huggins, D.D.S.
Herbert H. Robinson, D.D.S.
James P. Hammond, MD.
Philip Sukel, D.D.S.
Alfred I Murray, M.S.T. (Chemistry).
Mark Diesendorf, Ph-D. (lNUthematics).
John 1. Miller, Ph.D. (Biochemistry)
Paul I-L Phillips, Ph.D. (Biochemistry)
Kaj Rohohn, M.D., Ph.D. (Biochelnistry)
Hubert A Arnold, Ph.D. (Math) UCDavis
James W. Benfield, AB., D.D.S., F.AC.D.
Eugene Peterson, Ph.D. (Chem.Engr.) UCB.
Cornelius Steelink, Prof Erner. Chem.
Jolm Thomson, Ph.D. (Biochemistry)
Deloss E. Winkler, Ph.D. (Chem.)
Andrew Weil, UD, Health Advocate
Thomas M. DeStefimo, A.B., D.D.S.
Harlee S.Strauss, Ph.D. (Molecular Biology)
Geoffrey Dobbs, Ph.D. (Botony) AR.C.S.
D. Skinner, B. Sc., MD. C.A.F.C.I.
Richard Manus, Ph.D. (Physics) UCBerkely
Laura Nader, Ph.D. (Anthropology)UCB
D. W. Hanson, Ph.D. (Chem. Engr.)UCB
C. 1. King, Ph.D. (Chem. Engr.)UCB
Frederick 1. Scott, B.E., M.S., Chem. Engr.
Thomas D. Hinesly, Prof. of Soil Ecology
Roy E. Hanford, MD. (Phys. and Surgeon)
Stanley Monteith, MD., reI. Ortho. Surgeon.
G. A Samotjoi, Ph.D. (Chelnistry) UCB
Henry Cheung, Ph.D. (Chem. Engr.)Alexis T
Bell, Ph.D. (Chem. Engr.)UCB
1. B. Neilands, Ph.D. (Biochemistry)UCB
GiovalUli Ames, Ph.D. (Biochem.) UCB
· Above affiliations are listed for identifications pwposes only and do not imply institution endorsement
http://www.garynull.com/issues/Fluoride/FluorideVoices.htm
10/4/00
." Flouride
,
What is Fluoride?
. Fluorine is a highly reactive element which likes to bond
with other elements. These combinations are often salts
and the fluorine part is called flouride. Hence flourine
added to water has commonly become known ~
f16i./ride. Fluoride occurs naturally in the water in certain
areas of the world and people in these areas exhibit
mottling of the teeth (dental fluorosis). This often occurs
in volcanic environments ego Naples in Italy, Pilansberg
in South Africa.
The fluoride naturally found in water is calcium fluoride
(CaF2) as fluorine has a strong affinity to calcium.
When water is artificially fluoridated sodium fluoride
(NaF), sodium silicofluoride or hydrofluosilic acid is
added. Because calcium bonds relatively strongly with
the fluoride ion, the fluoride ions are much less
available than in the artificially-produced fluorid~e
artificial compounds are more toxic because they are
more soluble III water and the fluoride dissociates from
Jhe COmQOllil..Q.:. In tne DOdy tnlS fluoride becomes the
"most exclusive bone seeking element, owing to its
affinity for calcium phosphate". Studies have shown
that the lethal dose of NaF is approximately 50 times
smaller than that of CaF2 (naturally-occurring
fluoride).1
How much fluoride is too much?
The optimum amount of fluoride is said to be around 1
ppm (parts per million). ppm equals mg per litre ie. at
1 ppm one would drink 1 mg of fluoride in 1 litre oC
water. In South Africa 0.5 - 0.8 ppm is being
recommended for our water. This variation takes local
conditions. which affect the amount of water one drinks.
http://www.earthlife.org.zalfactsheets/fs-flouride.htm
Flouride
Fact Sheet
The lethal dose
of artificial
flouride is 50
times smaller
than naturally
occuring fluoride.
Artificial fluoride
becomes the
"most exclusive
bone seeking
element" in the
body
Page 1 of5
"
, 10/3/00
Flouride
;
into account. Each of us
. already
Fluonde can, however, be taken in through a number of
sources. Cooldrinks and other processed foods made in consumes
fluoridated areas contain high amounts. Plants take up different levels of
fluoride concentrating more in their outer parts with fluoride in our
leafy plants containing the most. Tea can contain 160 - .
660 ppm averaging at 1 mg per 6 cups. Insecticides food and dnnks.
sprayed on crops also contain fluoride as can
tranquilisers (up to 1 mg per day if taken habitually). How much more
Other products containing fluoride which may .
inadvertantly be swallowed are toothpaste (1000 ppm), IS too much?
mouthwash (4000 ppm) and gel treatments (13000 ppm
- half a teaspoon will poison a child)
Bearing in mind that people are individuals with
differing sensitivities to substances and differing
patterns of consumption it is difficult to recommend a
safe level of fluoride for an entire population.
Does t1uOl"ide prevent tooth decay?
-
Pro- fluoridators say that it does.
The evidence sup ortin this must be closel examine
en s u les ave an insufficient sample size, look at
age groups where decidous teeth are being replaced by
permanent teeth, have no control areas or compare
neighbourhoods where other factors influencing decay
like nutrition, wealth, oral hygiene etc. differ greatly.
A few studies of the many which show that fluoride
does not prevent decay are listed below:
. A study has been done of the dental records of 39
207 schoolchildren aged 5 - 17 in 84 areas of the USA.
These areas were divided according to not fluoridated,
partially fluoridated ( less than 17 years or some of the
time) and fluoridated. No statistical difference was
found in decay rates of permanent teeth or percentages
of decay free children between the areas. The only
group of children which showed a difference were 5
year olds who had less decay in decidous teeth in
fluoridated areas. However, by age 6 this advantaae____
disappears leading to the conclusion that fluoridation
causes a delay in tooth eruption.2 -
---
Some.european
countries that do
not fluoridate
. R Ziegelbecker has made two studies by taking a
random sample of all available data on caries (decay)
prevalence. He selected 48 00012-14 year children
http://www.earthlife.org.za/factsheets/fs-flouridc.htm
Page 2 of5
,~
10/3/00
. Flouride
from 136 communities in seven countries. No
correlation was found between caries or dental health
and fluoride concentration.3
Further stud" have shown that not only does flu ide
no Improve denta lea I may cause decay.
. A study of 400 000 Indian schoolchildren from 1973 -
1993 showed that the higher the fluoride concentration
in the water, the more canes ocurreaA ~
~)!?~ b .
. A similar study of 22 000 Japanese schoolchildren
showed that above 0.4 ppm the decay increased
significantly. When the concentration was below 0.2
ppm it also increased. This was thought to be caused
by a lack of calcium in the water when fluoride was
below 0.2 ppm.5
. A study of 26000 Tuscon elementary school children
was performed by Cornelius Steelink, Professor
Emeritus, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Arizona. He
compared tooth decay with the fluoride in the water. He
found that the more fluoride a child drank, the more
cavities ocurred. On further investigation it was also
found that decay related to low family income, bad diet
and oral hygiene and lack of access to dental facilities.6
d
What effect does fluoride have on the body?
~
Dental fluorosis: A defect in the formation of tooth
enamel in children which results in mottled teeth. This
is not reversible and remains for life. It is believed that
when decay does set in these teeth are difficult to fill.
Dental fluorosis can occur from 0.4 ppm.
Skeletal fluorosis: Early symptoms are back stiffness,
pains in the bones and joints, sensations of burning,
+ pricking, and tingling in the limbs, muscle weakness,
/'\ chronic fatigue, gastrointestinal disorders, and reduced
appetite. X-rays show abnormal calcium deposits in
bone and ligaments. Osteoporosis develops in long
bones and bony outgrowths may occur. Eventually the
victim may be crippled and the vertebrae fuse
together.8
Fractures: Researchers at the University of Bordeaux
cJ in France studied 3578 people of 65 years or older
~ living in South Western France. They reported that the
risk of hip fracture was significantly higher when water
fluoride was greater than 0.11 ppm.9
http://www.earthlife.org.za/factsheets/fs-flouride.htm
Page 3 of5
their water
recorded a
greater decline in
tooth decay than
America where
water is mostly
fluoridated
10/3/00
~ Flouride
Page 4 of5
Immune deficiency: Dr. Sheila Gibson from the
University of Glasgow, showed that fluoride, at levels
comparable to those found in the blood of people living
in fluoridated areas, decreased the migration rate of
human white blood cells (Ieukotaxis). [Also inhibits
phagocytosis - another defence mechanism] This
adversely affects the immune system. Dr. Gibson found
that only a six-hour exposure of white blood cells to as
little as 0.1 parts per million fluoride inhibits the white
blood cell migration rate by 21 percent. One part per .
million inhibits the white blood cell migration rate by 85
per cent and 2 ppmhas a conclusive 0 percent relative
migration rate. This indicates that a continued use of
fluoride in the drinking water could result in the total
destruction of the immune response.1 0
Cancer: Cancer researchers have found a 17% rise in
16 yrs of cancers In towns In the USA which are
fluoridated in comparison with those which are not. A
rise in a rare bone cancer, osteosarcoma, was recorded
in men under 20 in fluoridated areas. This was
confirmed in studies on rats in 1989 by the US National
Toxicology Program.11
General side effects: George L. Waldbott, founder
and chief of allergy clinics in four Detroit hospitals,
reported treating at least 500 patients who he
concluded reacted negatively to fluoridated water. The
symptoms included muscular weakness, chronic
fatigue, excessive thirst, headaches, skin rashes, joint
pains, digestive upsets, tingling in the extremities, and
loss of mental acuity. Waldbott used double-blind tests
to determine whether fluoride was the cause of
symptoms in many of his cases. In each of these
patients, the symptoms disappeared when the fluoride
was taken away without the patient's knowledge and
reappeared when it was given again.12
Other ailments include: 13
o Destruction of about 60 enzymes including
cytochrome C and cholinesterase which handle .
oxygen.
o Genetic change in sperm and other cells.
o Downs Syndrome increase of 250% with 70%
developing cataracts
o Infant mortality, spontaneous abortions and
miscarriages increase
o Infant birth defects increase
o Goitre
How does fluoride effect the environment?
Most processes which take raw materials from the
earth's crust and subject them to high temperatures
liberate fluorides. Fluorine compounds are involved in
http://www.earthlife.org.za/factsheets/fs-flouride.htm
10/3/00
· Flouride
Page 5 of5
the production of aluminium, steel, uranium, beryllium,
bricks, cement, pottery, enamel, plastics etc. The
aluminium industry produces the highly poisonous by-
product f1uo-spar from aluminium slag. Hydrogen
fluoride and elemental fluorine are also used in the
nuclear industry in uranium production. For many of
these industries fluorides present the biggest waste
disposal problem. This begs the question who will be
making profit by selling fluoride to our municipalities
which would otherwise be very costly to dispose of ?14
Industries ( mostly steel and aluminium plants)
emmitting fluoride air pollution have been blamed for
destroying crops and laming cattle, corrosion of steel
bridges and killer smogs. In Donora, Pennsylvania
from October 27-31, 1948 a fluoride rich smog from the
town's zinc mill killed 20 people, numbers of livestock
and pets and caused a further 6000 people to become
i11.15
,..
Phosphate fertiliser factories have also caused fluoride
damage to animal and plant life in their vicinity. The
application of phosphate fertilisers to soil dramatically
increases fluorides in the soil which results in uptake by
crops we later eat and contamination of drinking water
through run off. In the district of Aichi in Japan people
were taking in as much as 11 mg of fluoride a day from
foods they were eating.
What these examples indicate is that we are already
exposed to high levels of fluoride. By fluoridating our
water we will increase the load, dispersing fluoride
further through the environment where it accumulates
and finds its way back into our food products. Albert
Schatz calculated that fluoride toothpastes alone were
adding 116 000 pounds of fluoride to the environment
in the 1970's.
http://www.earthlife.org.za/factsheets/fs-flouride.htm
10/3/00
---_Latest Fluoridation Press Release - Citizens For Health
Page 1 of2
*
The Voice of the Natural Health Consumer
Home I Site Map' News tissues & Campaigns' Links · Who We Arc · Join Citizens
Latest Fluoridation Press Release
lJ.S. Senate Hears Protective 1\1easures for Fluoride are Insufficient
News Release - July 5, 2000
Contact: Jeff Green
Citizens for Safe Drinking Water ""
1010 University Avenue #52
San Diego, CA 92103
(800) 728-3833 greenjeff(tl),home.com
Amidst all of the hurry and scurry of Congress attempting to wind legislative activity down before the
Fourth of July break, on June 29, 2000 in a hearing of the U.S. Senate Environment and Public
Works subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife and Water, witnesses testified that the level of fluoride
allowed in the public water supply is not sufficiently protective of the public, especially children.
J. William Hirzy, Ph.D. testified on behalf of the union that represents all of the toxicologists,
biologists, chemists, physicians, engineers, attorneys and other professional employees at
. Environmental Protection Agency Headquarters, Washington, D.C. He rendered a clear record of
EPA activities that depart from EPA's own professional standards to arrive at a maximum
contaminant level for fluoride that the union asserts is at least 8 times less protective than current
science supports.
*
~
Olson stated that NRDCsupported the union of EPA professionals' recommendation for an
independent peer review of the science used to support EPA's conclusions, as well as consideration
of new science published since the maximum contaminant level was established in 1985.
The subcommittee hearing was originally scheduled for oversight of EPA activities in establishing
maximum contaminant levels for radon and arsenic in accordance with the Safe Drinking Water Act.
While most of the testimony was directed to radon and arsenic issues, even those discussions were
highly instructive and relevant to fluoridation considerations.
The hearing quickly revealed the contentious atmosphere surrounding the conflict between the
oversight committee and EPA on the new measures proposed by EPA. Chuck Fox, Assistant
http://www.citizens.org/Food_water_safety/Fluoridation/fluoridecurrentPR.htm!
~
/-Latest Flu~ridation Press ~elease - Citi~~s For Health
/'
Page 2 of2
Administrator of Water, EPA, preceded presentation of his written testimony by protesting the recent
\ J yassage of a military appropriations bill in the House of Representatives that contained a rider \L--
,,;>/\ restricting EPA's institution of the proposed maximum contaminant levels for radon and arsenic. '7\
Senator Michael Crapo of Idaho, Chair of the subcommittee, responded that he would support the
budgetary rider when it came to the Senate in order to effect more responsible dialogue by EPA with
stakeholders who protest the validity of the science used by EPA to support their conclusions.
>/; Panelists at the hearing agreed that the maximum contaminant level of arsenic is not protective at
the current 50 parts per billion (ppb); but some panelists expressed concern beyond questioning
EPA's scientific determination, stating that the proposed 5 ppb is too costly to rural and smaller water
districts without.an economically feasible cost-to-red.uction-in-risk ratio, preferring a protective
measure of 10 ppb at the lowest, to 20 ppb as recommended by the Science Advisory Board.
*
Michael Kosnett, Associate Clinical Professor, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology,
University of Colorado Health Sciences, testifying on behalf of the National Re~earch Council
Subcommittee on Arsenic in Drinking Water, opposed suggestion of the creation of a two-tiered level
of safety, clarifying that individuals serviced by smaller water suppliers did not experience less risk of
adverse health effects just because there may be fewer customers, and that individual consumers
deserved to expect equal protection.
Olson of the NRDC opposed further delays to the establishment of a more protective maximum
contaminant level for arsenic, citing a history of delays in the 1970's and 1980's that still has not lead
to a revision since the current level was established in 1942. .
*
7f-
The only visual display by any of the 11 panelists at the hearing summed up the disparity in EPA's
scientific conclusions on fluoride and EPA's testimony at the hearing explaining how they arrived at
the margin of safety for arsenic.
x
Two posters, showing the relative toxicity levels of lead, fluoride, and arsenic compared to EPA's 7f-
established maximum contaminant levels for the three elements, provided a graphic illustration of
the vast difference in the protection provided the public for fluoride exposure. While fluoride is
slightly less toxic than arsenic and more toxic than lead, the maximum contaminant level for leadj?
f5 parts per Dillion (ppb), and tne EPA IS recommending 5 ppb for arsenic: vet the maximum
ontam n ev uon e een es a ishe y a ~ ppb.
Complete written testimony by panelists submitted prior to the hearing can be accessed on the
Committee's web site: httg://www.senate.gov/-eDw/stm1106.htm#06-29-00
Back to El11..Q!id~1iQll page.
Citizens For Health is a nonprofit. grassroots. consumer advocacy group that champions public policies empowering individuals to
make informed health choices. We depend on your mgmR51[Jihip' and gonations. Without your voice. there is no choice! Phone 800-
357-2211. Email c!IJ@ciliZel)~~OJ9.
llig.mg] [Site Ma~] [News] [Issues and CampaiQns] [Links] !Who We Are] [Join Citizens]
http://www. citizens. org/F ood _water _ safety/Fluoridation/fluoridecurrentPR.htrnl
10/4/00
.~
Water Fluoridation: More Than Just Fewer Cavities
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Rating:
Water Fluoridation: More
Than Just Fewer Cavities
by ja~on hCln~On
July 10, 2000
URL: http://\fVW'W,t!Wllles.tr~~vn,C91ll/~rtiGIe.s.!1 Q1 ~Z5,ntml
In 1945, the US began adding fluoride to public water supplies
for the purpose of reducing cavities in children's teeth. The
alleged benefits of doing so were and are that it makes bone
structure more stable and makes teeth more resistant to decay..
F or older folks, it is claimed that it makes the bone crystal more
resistant to the degeneration of osteoporosis. Many scientists,
dentists, and nutritionists still claim that the public's fear of
fluoride's toxicity is "unfounded"(1). Perhaps as a result of this
confidence in the efficacy and safety of.fluoride, over 60% of the
US population drinks fluoridated tap water (2). So, after 55
years how have we, as a society, benefited from this? More
importantly, how have we not benefited and what do we not
know about fluoride?
*
According to the J oumal of the American Dental Association,
there is "an increased prevalence of dental fluorosis, ranging
from about 15%-65% in fluoridated areas and 5%-40% in non-
fluoridated areas in North America" (3). Fluorosis is the
discoloration and, in advanced cases, the pitting of teeth due to
excess ingestion of fluoride. The first symptom is white marks
on the teeth, but that's just the tip of the iceberg.
Calcium fluoride is a naturally occurring element and one reason
many people believe fluoride to be harmless. Sodium fluoride~
howev.er, is the kind we put into our water and "is a hazardo~
waste product of the aluminum indust..Q'...and other
industries" (4).. In 1993, the US-Department of Health and
Human Services stated in its Toxicological Profile on Fluoride
that "Existing data indicate that subsets of the population may be
unusually susceptible to the toxic effects of fluoride and it's
compounds..." (6).. Water fluoridation becomes a more complex
issue when you consider its interaction with other chemicals and
~1~_~_+_
Water Fluoridation: More Than Just Fewer Cavities
Page 2 of5
.'
t::1t::11lt::lIll).
Experts working on behalf of the International Association for
Fluoride Research presented their findings in 1998, which
included the fact that "metal pipes and brass plumbing fixtures
a~asignificant source oflead. Two chemicals used in
fluoridationA. . . are acids, which leach lead into tap water This.
causes a higher level oflead in children's blood..." .(7). Lead is an
element that damages neurons and deregulates neurotransmitters
essenfial for normal impulse control and learning. Lead has also
~mked to lower IQ levels in children (8). In Seattle, W A:
14% of homes had lead levels exceeding safe amounts (9). Lead,
..-
however, is not the only danger fluoridation poses to Qur
drffiking water.
F or years papers have been published in scientific journals
claiming that the concentration of fluoride in public water
systems is so small that we can be sure it does no harm.
Recently, however, scientists have found that aluminum and
fluonde combme to produce a toxic chemical reaction, which,
even at very low concentrations m water, allows alumifi"um to
g~nto the brain and kidney more easily. :Ihe a~mul~ion 01
alummum m the brain results in damage to the neurons t u~
resulting m a Alzhelmer's-like condition with memory loss. Alum
is commonly used for processing water for municipal water
systems. This leaves small amounts of aluminum in the water
which combine with fluoride" (10).
Many adverse health effects have been linked to fluoride and
fluoridated water, including damage to the body's central
nervous systemJ.I I), cancer-particularly m young rnep(l2),
skeletal fluorosis, as well as damage to neuronal brain cells,
vasculature, and kidney cells (I3)..Qr. Wi~m Hirzy, an EPA_
scientists, ad.ds, "fl~ride {that is addp.d to mllnIclpal water~ a
nazardous waste productA. . . for which there is substantial
eVIdence of adverse health effects and, contrary to public
perception, virtually no evidence of ~nificant benefit~" (5).
Why, then, do the American Medical Association, the American
Dental Association, as well as Federal and state agencies
continue to promote fluoride despite growing evidence that it is
harmful to public health and the environment? This question
leads to a road of government cover-ups and corporate influence
on politics beginning in the World War II era, which is
thorou hly docu . the Janua -A ril 2000 issue of
Prevailing mds magazine,,--pages 69-72, and can e ound on-
line ~t www.prevailingwinds.org,)t more clearly explains why
F ederaI and state agencies and some professional associations
refuse to budge from their stance that fluoride is safe.
TL.... ........:....1.... .J............;1,.. .L.... _;1:......_. ....._.J ..........._......_............. ..........____........:__ .......
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Water Fluoridation: More Than Just Fewer Cavities
Page 3 of 5
,.
lilt: ell L1l,;1t: Ut:LC:1I1:S Lllt: II111ILC:11 Y C:111U l,;U1l-'Ul C:1Lt: l,;U1111t:l,;UUll LU
fluoride and fluoridated water and shows that "Information was
buried" (14). Proof that information and documents were edited,
destroyed and covered up include a study published in the
Journal of the American Dental Association in 1948 on the
dental and ph sical health of workers in a facto roduc' g
fluon e or the A- om program. "T e pu lished version
reports only that the men had fewer cavities. The secret version
re orts that most of the men had no teeth left" (15). Thousands
of other documents and reports on f uoride research are still
classified or "missing" from government files. If fluoride were, in
tact, safe and beneficial, why would information and research
about it not be readily available? We are con..stantly told that
fluoride is safe and good for us, but where are the reports and
documents proving it? Are we to just accept in blind faith what
the government and medical and dental associations tell us? Just
like it was alright to be near a nuclear explosion as long as we
covered our eyes?
Dr. Phyllis Mullenix, former head of toxicology at Forsyth
Dental enter in Boston, and now a critic of fluoridation thinks
"the black hole in fluori e...research since the days of the
Manhattan Project is unacceptable." She adds, "There is so much
fluoride exposure now, and we simply do not know what it is
doing" (16). Yet, it is poured into our drinking water everyday.
Fluoride has never received FDA approval. It's listed as an
"una roved new dru "b the FDA and as a "contaminant" b
the EP ~ (17)J.t is a waste product 0 many heavy industri~s. An
official of the EPA's Office of Drinking Water called water
fluoridation "an ideal solution to a long standing problem" (18).
"In other words," says Dr. William Hirzy, "this (fluoride) that
otherwise would be an air and water pollutant is no longer a
pollutant as long as it's poured into your reservoir and drinking
water..." (19).
Proponents of fluoridation go on about it being good for kids'
teeth, but kids aren't the only ones drinking the water. The water
also goes through our entire bodies-not just our teeth. Fluoride
gathers in the body, and we can neve~et rid of it. Regarding the
etrectIveness oft'luoride m reducing cavities, there has not been
any dou~ blind study of its effectiveness as a ~
preventative. "There have been many, many small scale, selective
publications on this issue that proponents cite to justifY
fluoridation, but the largest and most comprehensive study, one
done by dentists trained by the National Institute of Dental
Research, on over 39,000 school children aged 5-17 years,
shows n~ant differenc~ (in terms of decayed, mis~g,
and filled teeth) among cavhtes mCloencesm tluondated, non-
f1uondateo;and partially fluoridated communities..." (20). One
_....Ll:...........:__ ...._ ...L_ en ..........._ .L1.._-=..J.......:...._ _____-=____.... =_ ~_._ lllr..T......_.
http://www.themestream.com!gspd _ browselbrowse/view _article. gsp?c jd= 101325& printable=t 10/4/00
Water Fluoridation: More Than Just Fewer Cavities
Page 4 of5
lJUUIIl;aUUIl UIl Ult: JV-yt:al lIUUlluaUUII t:XlJt:IIlIlt:lIl HJ lWU 1'lt:W
Y ork cities, Newburgh and Kingston, show that the only
difference IS that fluondat cI Np h h NY has twice the
incidence of dental fluorosis as non-fluoridate Km s (21).
Dr. Hirzy states t at or government an other organizations to
continue to push for more exposure (to fluoride) in the face of
current le~ls of over-exposure coup~ with~refl~ecl
crescendo of adverse toxicit findings is IrratIOnal and
irresponsible at est (22).
----
Perhaps because we don't have enough evidence in favor of
fluoridation and mounting evidence against it, many cities are
removing it or choosing not to add fluoride from their water.
Rece~e town ofNatick, near Boston, '~2.eviewed th~
research ana foul1othat there was more than enou h fluor' e
now package m foo , nn s, and toothpastes II to make
~oridatIon unnecessary (23). Several other cities, including Los
Angeles~ewark and Jersey City, NJ, and Bedford, Mass., have
also removed fluoride from their water. Q!!lY.....around 2% of
-Euro'p-ean drinking water is fluoridated. If it were really as safe
---
and effective as it is claimed to be, wouldn't it be more widely
accepted and used? It's just all so strange. I mean, lots of things
are good for our bodies, but we don't go dumping them into our
drinking water, do we? The government doesn't allow
companies to market and sell drugs or chemicals, that we would
have the choice of using, until they receive FDA approval for
public safety reasons. Yet, the government allows an
II unapproved II drug and known IIcontaminantll to be poured into
the water we drink everyday and don't have the choice of
avoiding
We must stop water fluoridation in every city in the country until
IIsecretll documents on it are declassified more research is
done, an we ow exactly what we are doing to our bodies by
ingesting toxic waste everyday. Allowing water fluoridation
because it's good for our teeth is like a health . g
forced to ta e radiation treatments because it fi hts cancer. It
just oesn t ma e sense and furt ers the suspicion and distrust
Americans have of the government.
The numbers in parenthesis are references.
(1)
www.ivillage.com/food! experts/nutrition! articles/a, 5370, 192-
7,00.html
(2),(3),(4),(5),(6),(17)
www.zerowasteamerica.org/FluorideOverdose.htm
(7),( 1 0)
www.sonic.net/-kryptox/press/news98.htm#jun25
(8),( 18),( 19),(23)
"._~_~:...1_..J" _______L_..~__l_TT_..._____.... ____ "".... T:'_L 1"'" lr\l"\f'\
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Water Fluoridation: More Than Just Fewer Cavities
Page 5 of5
uIlLlLleu paper uy IVlarK neLsgaaru, page L.-.) reu. 1 I, 1 ~~~, aL
www.salon.com .
(9)
Seattle Public Utilities' June 2000 "Drinkin Water Quality
Annual Report", page 4.
(11),(14)
Prevailing Winds #6, Jan-April2000 issue, page 71, paragraph 6
(12),(20),(21 ),(22)
www.zerowasteamerica.orgIFluoride-WhitePaper.htm
(13)www.fluoride..joumal.com/98-31-2/31259-60.htm
(15),(16)
Prevailing Winds #6, Jan-April 2000 issue, pages 69-79
"
* A reference I used that cited numerous related references was
. "Fluoride-WhitePaper" at www.zerowasteamerica.org/fluoride-
WhitePaper.htm. Check it out if you want to find other books
and articles on Fluoride.
Copyright jason hanson
About this author: I'm a 30 year old alumnus of the University
of Oregon. I've lived all over the US. I speak Japanese, am a
sports enthusiast, and love dancing and talking about weird
stuff..mostly society and relationships...
http://www.themestream.com/gspd _ browse/browse/view _ article.gsp?c jd= 10 1325&printable=t 10/4/00
.. Cities That Rejected or Quit Water Fluoridation Since 1990
t>
Cities That Have Rejected or
Quit Water Fluoridation Since 1990
List Compiled by:
Maureen Jones
1205 Sierra Avenue
San Jose, CA. 95126
408-297 -8487
Click here forJILe_J~b19fi<JlltiQ!U~_(~JiQIU~:_ile
Escondido, California 3/24/99
Helix Water District. California 3/17/99
Santa Cruz, California 3/4/99 banned
Bremerton, Washington 2/2/99
Olympia, Washington 12/15/98
Seward, Nebraska 11/3/98
Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, Canada 7/28/98 quit after 30 years
Ste. Genevieve, Missouri 7/1/98 quit after 13 years
Salt Lake City, Utah 6/10/98
Grand Island, Nebraska 5/13/98 quit after I year
Norfolk, Nebraska 5/13/98
Scottsbluff, Nebraska 5/13/98
Aurora, Nebraska 5/13/98
Stromsburg, Nebraska 5/13/98
North Platte, Nebraska 5/13/98
Washington, Missouri 4/7/98
Kitimat, British Columbia, Canada 3/98 quit
Hot Springs, Arkansas 2/98
Ridgefield, Oregon 12/22/97
Methuen, Massachusetts 11/04/97
Brisbane, Australia 10/01/97
Spokane, Washington 8/25/97
Largo, Florida 7/ 7
earwater Florida 7/
North Redington Beach, Florida 7/15/97
Amsterdam, New York 5/21/97
Suisun City, California 5/1/97
Yardly, Pennsylvania 4/16/'97
Erie, Pennsylvania 3/21/97
Western Nassau County, New York 11/21/96 quit after 23 years
Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada ...... 11/16/96 quit after 42 years
Gothenburg, Nebraska 11/96
Worcester, Massachusetts 11/6/96
Bloomer, Wisconsin 11/6/96
Kodiak, Alaska 7/12/96
Carle Place, New York .......... 211/96 quit
Wi . s Florida 1/1 0/96
Pasco. Florida 12/14/95
York, Pennsylvania 7/29/95
Bradenton. Florida 4/27/95 ---
Thurmont, Marylana .:-:2i3/94
Albany, New York 12/8/94
Middletown, Maryland 11/93 quit
Sarnia, Ontario, Canada 1/30/93
Barnstable, (Cape Cod) Massachusetts 11/4/93
http://www.garynull.com/issues/Fluoride/cities.htm
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Cities That Rejected or Quit Water Fluoridation Since 1990
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Wagoner, Oklahoma 6/17/93
Redwood Valley, California 2/6/93
Los Altos Hills,(Purissima) California /93
Campbell River, British Columbia, Canada 4/93 quit after 33 years
Port Hardy, British Columbia, Canada 11/93 quit after 19 years
Squamish, British Columbia, Canada 11/93 quit after 20 years
Milltown, Wisconsin 10/17/92
Bellingham, Washington 5/19/92
Washoe County, Nevada 7/15/92
Comox/Courtenay, British Columbia, Canada 2/92
Palm Beach County, Florida 10/22/91
Ketchikan, Alaska 1 U/1 ~1
Suffolk County, New York 8/15/91
Davis, California 12/14/90 5th rejection
Cumberland. Maryland 5/17/90 quit after 2 years
Morgan Hill, California 3/7/90 quit
Bremerton, Washington 2/2/99
Olympia, Washington 12/15/98
Escondido, CA 3/24/99
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http://www.garynull.comlissueslFluoride/cities.htm
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