Loading...
10-17-2011 - Utility Rate Study Workshop CITY COUNCIL OF EDGEWATER UTILITY RATE STUDY WORKSHOP OCTOBER 17, 2011 5:00 P.M. COUNCIL CHAMBERS MINUTES CALL TO ORDER Mayor Thomas called the Utility Rate Study Workshop to order at 5:00 p.m. in the Council Chambers. ROLL CALL Mayor Michael Thomas Present Councilman Justin Kennedy Present Councilwoman Gigi Bennington Present Councilman Michael Ignasiak Present Councilman Ted Cooper Present City Manager Tracey Barlow Present City Clerk Bonnie Wenzel Present City Attorney Aaron Wolfe Present MEETING PURPOSE City Manager Barlow described the purpose of the workshop was to present where they were with the Water & Sewer Utility Rate Study. He then turned the meeting over to the Rate Consultant, Michael Burton with Burton & Associates. Michael Burton, Burton & Associates, went through the attached Powerpoint Presentation. Mr. Burton stopped the presentation before he got to the Owner vs. Tenant Billing in order for Council to ask questions about the first half of the presentation. Councilman Ignasiak stated he was looking at a 35% increase over the next five years on their bill. He felt this was rather significant. He questioned this being the structure percentage they need to maintain their operating capital, do their replacement funds, and prepare for the future and if this was the minimum level or a higher level set with a bit of variance in between. Mr. Burton informed him yes and that this was the level that would be necessary if they take the revenues they have been producing and the budgeted costs and with the projections they identified what was appropriate escalation factors. Councilman Ignasiak asked if they based projections on assumed increases and costs in other areas. Mr. Burton explained they tried to be reasonable but conservative. Councilman Ignasiak asked if 1 Council Utility Rate Study Workshop October 17, 2011 anything was put in for future expansion. Mr. Burton stated he would have to defer to staff about what was in there that was an expansion for the capital program. He further commented on a growth curve and customers in demand. Councilman Kennedy spoke of having impact fees that would ride along with that. City Manager Barlow explained they didn't waive the impact fees associated with water /sewer based on the existing bond they are paying off. He further spoke of what the impact fees that are currently being waived were intended for. Environmental Services Director Brenda Dewees identified the capital that was included in the Rate Study was for potential regulations coming about and any capital improvements they will need for the aging infrastructure. Councilman Kennedy felt one of the most important things was the recommendation that they revisit this every year. Mr. Burton answered questions presented by Councilman Cooper regarding the $7 million infrastructure being in there and figuring a half a million dollars in debt service for the ten years; and the amount of surplus with regard to the annual debt service. Ms. Dewees explained for Councilman Cooper that it is more costly for sewer over water because on a general scale they have a lot more infrastructure that requires electricity on the sewer side as well as additional treatment costs. The City has 50 lift stations for sewer compared to 20 wells for water. Councilman Cooper asked if part of the problem was the permitting fee being paid to St. Johns to discharge effluent into the Indian River. Ms. Dewees explained if they weren't discharging the permit fee wouldn't go away. They would still have to be permitted through DEP and they have an annual average that they are allowed to permit. Councilman Cooper questioned this affecting the charge. Ms. Dewees explained the difference would be if they had potential reclaimed customers where they would have that revenue coming in. Councilman Cooper was looking for efficiencies and inefficiencies. He asked if they were doing anything wrong or if there was any way they could save money without putting the burden on the taxpayer. Mr. Burton informed him Edgewater was the third lowest in the surveying area. He felt they would come out pretty good because they have low rates compared to everyone else. He felt they were pretty efficient as they stand right now. Councilman Cooper commented on looking to improve escalating sales to hook up to the reclaimed water. He asked about the 6% automatic increase. City Manager Barlow informed him it was a year ago and was 2 Council Utility Rate Study Workshop October 17, 2011 for a five year program. Councilman Cooper commented on the 6% handling everything in the first two years. He further spoke of the jump going into the third year, especially in Stormwater. If they are ahead of the scale at that time, he felt they may be able to hold the line on 6 %. He questioned what that would do to their overall projections. Mr. Burton informed him it would only affect the fiscal year they are in now because it would be a January 1 implementation. Councilman Cooper stated because the 6% was already there and already in their budget, if they left that alone and looked at revising the plan to start next year, if they would gain from holding off a year or two. Mr. Burton stated the City did not make the 6% increase on October 1 in anticipation of the Rate Study. Finance Director McKinney stated at the workshop he requested permission to hold off the increase until after this presentation. Mr. Burton stated at the bare minimum, they would need to adopt the 6% across the board increase effective January 1 Councilman Cooper identified his concerns with having already done the budget and the perception they would be giving to the public. Councilman Kennedy questioned who has the bigger meters and who would get these rate increases. Ms. Dewees identified there were 170 accounts that were over 3 41" that would be affected by the difference in the commercial rates. City Manager Barlow pointed out that was out of over 10,000 accounts. There was further discussion regarding how much the commercial rates would affect businesses. Ms. Dewees referred to the Coronado Paint building that has been sitting vacant who has eight 3/4" meters and two 1" meters. Their minimum bill for the vacant building would go up approximately $65 per month with the ten meters. There was further discussion regarding the businesses that would be affected and giving incentives to install water conservation appliances to get new businesses and existing businesses to convert over to those conservation devices. City Manager Barlow commented on having the tiers in the rates to encourage water conservation. Councilman Kennedy commented on possibly in the future entertaining a city -wide promotion for those converting to water conservation devices. Councilman Cooper commented on the average being a little over 3,000 gallons on a regular family and questioned how many was a regular family. Mr. Burton explained they took the single family accounts and their usage and came up with the average. City Manager Barlow identified that 55.6% of all of their bills are 3,000 gallons or less. 3 Council Utility Rate Study Workshop October 17, 2011 He further commented on Edgewater being predominantly single family residential. Mr. Burton further commented on the large meter customers and having to have capacity on hand to meet the potential demand of that customer. Councilwoman Bennington referred to Page 13 - Conclusions & Recommendations. She questioned if the Revenue Produced by Current Rates is Not Sufficient to Address Annual Operating, Capital, Debt and Reserve Requirements was the situation they were in now. Mr. Burton explained if they didn't implement the rate increases, they really don't have enough revenue to meet all those requirements. He confirmed that they have to at least do the 6 %. Councilman Cooper commented on the project sitting west of I -95 that can start whenever they want. He asked how that begins to blow the study apart due to this doubling Edgewater's population. Mr. Burton identified if that happened that it would be good. Councilman Cooper was worried about the maximum capacity versus they don't have the capacity and now they need a plan. Ms. Dewees spoke of the Wastewater Facility Plan encompassing Restoration and outlining that they have the capacity for Phase 1 and as they are building they will be paying impact fees so when they need the capacity they will have those impact fees to increase the capacity at both plants. City Manager Barlow spoke of Council adopting going to 6% next year. This study has confirmed that is an absolute need and has been validated. They would continue to work with Mr. Burton to fine tune the remainder of those going forward and also come back and talk about those prorations based on the industrial side. He spoke of it being up to staff to see what they can do to be a more efficient operation to see if they can keep the rate increases at 6% in years four and five. Councilwoman Bennington asked City Manager Barlow if he wanted Council to tell Mr. Burton to go ahead with the study the way he as presented it with the tiered system. City Manager Barlow stated and tell staff to continue to work with him while they try to micromanage the process to try to shave some of the 7.5% in years four and five. Councilman Cooper asked if they would change the tiers right away. City Manager Barlow identified it would be the recommendation of staff to change the tier from 2,000 to 3,000, which would be brought back to Council in the Rate Study. They are going to massage some of those because those would influence another area they still have work to do with regard to the large meters. Mr. Burton recommended when they come back to Council at the hearing to have what they have here and they will have the customer impacts 4 Council Utility Rate Study Workshop October 17, 2011 they have asked for with regard to the commercial customers and have another alternative that wouldn't be as aggressive a move to the larger meter size and then of course they always have the across the board. Mr. Burton continued his Powerpoint Presentation by describing Owner vs. Tenant Billing. Mr. Burton recommended along with staff that they adopt Option 3 (Hybrid) Split Bill Between Owner & Tenant. Councilwoman Bennington questioned in Option 2 and Option 3 how the City would know when a tenant leaves. City Manager Barlow commented on having some recent discovery that they may not be able to split the bill. The only minor change there would be the base and water bill would go to the tenant due to only being able to bill on one meter. The base fee and consumption would go to the tenant and the landlord would be responsible for the stormwater and refuse. Councilwoman Bennington commented on the problem they have now and the complaints she has heard regarding the tenant leaving and the landlord being stuck with the bill. City Manager Barlow further identified ways to handle this issue. Councilman Cooper suggested making a policy program with landlords due to the landlord ultimately being responsible for the property. Councilman Kennedy commented on State law not allowing landlords to turn the water off on a tenant and being subject to fines. Councilman Kennedy questioned tenants leaving $150 deposits, which should cover two months worth of bills, and how this would cost them any more than it already does. He also questioned how much staff time is put into doing liens and how many of the liens are they not ever going to recover. He further identified he felt tenants who put up a deposit on the account are going to act more responsibly when they are leaving that property. Mayor Thomas suggested Councilman Kennedy come up with Option 4 and they would look at it. Councilman Kennedy felt his Option 4 was Option 2. There was further discussion regarding the differences between Option 2 and Option 3. City Manager Barlow spoke of placing the garbage on the annual tax bill and questioned how many cities in Volusia County were doing that now. Mr. McKinney identified 3 cities as well as the County were doing that now. City Manager Barlow further identified the benefits of placing the garbage on the annual tax bill. 5 Council Utility Rate Study Workshop October 17, 2011 Councilman Kennedy didn't have a problem with Option 3. He felt by collecting deposits they reduce the City's exposure. City Manager Barlow needed a consensus on Option 1, 2 or 3. Councilman Cooper, Councilman Ignasiak, Mayor Thomas and Councilwoman Bennington were all for Option 1. Councilman Kennedy was for Option 2 or 3. ADJOURNMENT There being no further business to discuss, the Workshop adjourned at 6:03 p.m. Minutes submitted by: Lisa Bloomer, CMC 6 Council Utility Rate Study Workshop October 17, 2011 City of Edgewater Water &Sewer Utility Rate CITY COUNCILWORKSHOP October 17,201 1 ►Presented by: BURTON &ASSOCIATES ►Michael Burton, President — Burton & Associates Study High -Level Summary of Findings Scope of Study Financial Management Plan Key Issues Rate Revenue Adjustments FY 2012 Rate Structure Options Schedule of Current &Proposed Rates Residential Customer Impacts FY 2012 Residential Water &Sewer Bill Comparison Conclusions &Recommendations Owner vs.Tenant Billing Options Discussion 2 BURTON & ASSOCIATES EDGE,WEITER Introduction of Burton & Associates Burton &Associates Firm Background Multi -year financial planning and rate services to local governments since 1988 Emphasis in water resources financial planning & rates Some of our clients in the area Daytona Beach, Deltona, Bunnell, Seminole County, Orange County, St. Johns River Water Management District Some of our clients around the state Pinellas County, Ft. Myers, Clearwater, Sarasota, Cocoa, St. Petersburg Project Staff Mike Burton — President & Project Director Andy Burnham — Senior Vice President & Project Manager Mike Francis — Consultant & Project Analyst 3 BURTON & ASSOCIATES city -f ED GEWATER Hig �l -Level Summary of Findings Recommended FY 12 rates will result in a $0.10 increase to the average residential bill Versus a $2.44 increase that would result from the 6% increase included in the rate resolution Will continue to be one of the lowest cost providers in the area Multi -year plan of future rate increases At levels comparable to current resolution and consistent with national and local trends M Entity Water Bill Sewer Bill Total Bill Flagler County $48.50 $28.58 $77.08 Bunnell $31.85 $36.54 $68.39 Deland $18.56 $35.91 $54.47 South Daytona $23.00 $28.68 $51.68 Volusia County - East (S) $21.57 $28.75 $50.32 Flagler Beach $27.14 $23.01 $50.15 Titusville $16.55 $31.34 $47.89 Palm Coast $25.28 $21.42 $46.70 Volusia County - West (US) $16.92 $28.75 $45.67 Holly Hill $21.29 $24.04 $45.33 Seminole County $14.37 $30.62 $44.99 Daytona Beach $21.25 $23.71 $44.96 Oveido $12.65 $31.73 $44.38 New Smyrna Beach $14.44 $27.51 $41.95 Edgewater - Proposed $15.22 $25.60 $40.82 Edgewater - Current $17.10 $23.62 $40.72 Port Orange $16.16 $21.28 $37.44 Orange City $16.43 $20.15 $36.58 Sanford $11.66 $23.38 $35.04 Ormond Beach 1 $14.89 1 $19.72 1 $34.61 BURTON & ASSOCIATES file il EDG,,WATER Scope of Study . Develop a multi -year financial management plan that will: Satisfy annual operating and capital cost requirements Ensure compliance with the terms of existing and new debt Establish and maintain adequate operating and capital reserves 2. Prepare comparative rate survey FY 2012 residential monthly water and sewer bill comparisons 3. Rate Structure /Design Analysis Recommend adjustments for implementation in FY 2012 to conform to industry practice, maintain affordability, promote conservation, etc. 4. Assist City in evaluating owner and tenant billing options 5 BURTON & ASSOCIATES Financial Management Plan: EDGEWATER Key Issues Increases in Existing Debt Service SRF Loan principal payments resume in FY 14 (Avg of $1.5M per year) Funding of Capital Improvement Program $7 million of borrowing required (annual debt service of $0.5M) Rates need to provide for adequate annual funding of future R &R Maintaining Sufficient Operating Reserves Target: 6 months of Operating & Maintenance Expenses ($2.75M in FY 12) Indicative of "Strong" Utility Systems per Guidance Published by the Municipal Utility Rating Agency, Standard & Poor's Maintaining Sufficient Debt Service Coverage Target: Net Revenues at least 1.5 times greater than annual debt service Indicative of "Strong" Utility Systems per Guidance Published by the Municipal Utility Rating Agency, Standard & Poor's 6 BURTON & ASSOCIATES Financial Management Plan: ED�EwATER Rate Revenue Adjustments Plan of Annual Water &Sewer Rate Revenue Increases Funds existing and new debt service requirements Reflects allocation of costs between systems Comparable to approved plan and consistent with national and local trends Current rate resolution reflects 6% annual water & sewer rate increases in FY 12 — FY 15 Water 2.5%* 2.5% 5.5% 5.5% 5.5% Sewer 9.5%* 9.5% 9.5% 9.5% 9.5% Combined 6.0%* 6.0% 7.5% 7.5% 7.5% Effective Date 1/1/12 10/1/12 10/1/13 10/1/14 10/1/15 *FY 2012 revenue increase achieved within recommended rate structure adjustments which significantly reduces impact to low and average users --------------------------------------------- ..__.----- __- ____ -__._ 7 eiURTON & ASSOCIATES ED GEWATER FY 2012 Rate Structure Options Two options for FY 12 rates: "Across- the - board" application of increases vs. New Rate Structure Changes within New Rate Structure: Increase rates in highest tiers Scale base charges and consumption in each tier for larger meter sizes Reduce base charge per unit for master meter residential accounts (based on use per unit vs. individually metered residential) Expand first tier to include 3,000 gallons (instead of 2,000) Include FY 12 revenue increase from financial management plan 2.5% revenue increase for water & 9.5% revenue increase for sewer Future rate revenue increases (FY 13 and beyond) would be applied "across- the - board" to FY 12 rates 8 BURTON & ASSOCIATES C n "i EDGE WATER Proposed Rates Key Features of Proposed FY 12 Rates: First tier /block expanded from 2,000 gallons to 3,000 gallons Single - Family base charges are scaled by meter size Commercial base charges and tiers /blocks are scaled by meter size Multi- family base charges and tiers /blocks are per dwelling unit 9 BURTON & ASSOCIATES I ED�EwATEa Schedule of Current 8v Proposed Rates Fixed Charge: Charge per Month Single Family Multi - Family Comm $9.91 $9.91 $9.91 Usage Charge: Block 0-2,000 2,001 - 6,000 6,001 - 12,000 > 12,000 PW-O 44 Rate per 1,000 gallons Single Family Multi-Family(l) Comm 2 $1.55 $1.55 $1.55 $4.09 $4.09 $4.09 $4.83 $4.83 $4.83 $6.20 $6.20 $6.20 (1) Blocks scaled by number of units (2) Blocks not scaled by meter size Fixed Charge: Charge per Month Single Family Multi - Family Comm $11.83 $11.83 $11.83 Usage Charge: Rate per 1,000 gallons Block Single Family Multi - Family Comm All Usage $3.93 $3.93 $3.93 Fixed Charge: Charge per Month Single Family Multi - Family Comm $9.91 $8.92 $9.91 Usage Charge: Rate per 1,000 gallons Block Single Family Multi- Family(3) Comm 4 0-3,000 $1.77 $1.77 $1.77 3,001 - 6,000 $4.67 $4.67 $4.67 6,001 - 12,000 $6.26 $6.26 $6.26 > 12,000 $9.08 $9.08 $9.08 (3) Blocks scaled by number of units (4) Blocks scaled by meter size Fixed Charge: Charge per Month Single Family Multi - Family Comm $11.83 $10.65 $11.83 Usage Charge: Rate per 1,000 gallons Block Single Family Multi - Family Comm All Usage $4.59 $4.59 $4.59 BURTON & ASSOCIATES A, EDGEWATER Single - Family Residential Impacts Single Family 3/4" Meter Monthly Water & Sewer Bill Calculations Across the Board Increase (Gallons) %of Bills Aee. °/a Current (FY 111 Proposed (FY 1,_ °%Chi FY 2012 S C_ hh %o h - 12.8% 12.8% $ 21.74 $ 21.74 $ _. 23.11 1.37 6.3% 11000 10.4% 23.2% $ 27.22 $ 28.10 $ 0.88 3.2% 29.00 $ 1.78 6.6° 21000 15.8% 39.0% $ 32.70 $ 34.46 $ 1.76 5.4% $ 34.90 $ 2.20 6.7/'U 31000 16.6% 55.6% $ 40.72 $ 40.82 $ 0.10 0.2% $ 43.39 $ 2.67 6.6% 41000 14.4% 70.0% $ 48.74 $ 50.08 $ 1.34 2.7% $ 51.89 $ 3.15 6.5% 51000 10.2% 80.1% $ 56.76 $ 59.34 $ 2.58 4.5% $ 60.38 $ 3.62 6.4% 61000 6.8% 87.0% $ 64.78 $ 68.60 $ 3.82 5.9% $ 68.88 $ 4.10 F ' I, 71000 4.2% 91.2% $ 73.54 $ 79.45 $ 5.91 8.0% $ 78.13 $ 4.59 6.2ro 81000 2.8% 94.0% $ 82.30 $ 90.30 $ 8.00 9.7% $ 87.39 $ 5.09 6.2" 91000 1.8% 95.8% $ 91.06 $ 101.15 $ 10.09 11.1% $ 96.64 $ 5.58 6.1 101000 1.2% 97.0% $ 99.82 $ 112.00 $ 12.18 12.2% $ 105.89 $ 6.07 6.1% 11,000 0.8% 97.8% $ 108.58 $ 122.85 $ 14.27 13.1% $ 115.15 $ 6.57 6.0% 12,000 0.5% 98.4% $ 117.34 $ 133.70 $ 16.36 13.9% $ 124.40 $ 7.06 6.0% 13,000 0.4% 98.8% $ 127.47 $ 147.37 $ 19.90 15.6% $ 135.06 $ 7.59 6.0 °b 141000 0.3% 99.0% $ 137.60 $ 161.04 $ 23.44 17.0% $ 145.72 $ 8.12 5.91/4 15,000 0.2% 99.2% $ 147.73 $ 174.71 $ 26.98 18.3% $ 156.38 $ 8.65 5.9`," 16,000 0.1% 99.3% $ 157.86 $ 188.38 $ 30.52 .19.3% $ 167.04 $ 9.18 5.8% 17,000 0.1% 99.5% $ 167.99 $ 202.05 $ 34.06 20.3% $ 177.69 $ 9.70 5.8% 18,000 0.1% 99.5% $ 178.12 $ 215.72 $ - � cn $ 188.35 $ 10.23 5 �nl 19,000 0.1% 99.6% $ 188.25 $ 229.39 $ 41.14 21.9lk $ 199.01 $ 10.76 5. /vo 20,000 0.0% 99.6% $ 198.38 $ 243.06 $ 44.68 $ 209.67 $ 87% of all bills were issued for 3/4" Single Family Customers BURTON & ASSOCIATES Combined Water & Sewer Bill Survey at 3,000 Gallons per Month Flagler County Bunnell ' Deland South Daytona Volusia County - East (S) Flagler Beach Titusville Palm Coast Volusia County - West (US) Holly Hill Seminole County Daytona Beach Oveido New Smyrna Beach Edgewater - Proposed Edgewater - Current Port Orange Orange City Sanford Ormond Beach 12 $51.68 $47.89 $41.95 ►3,000 gallons or less per month represents 55.6% of Residential bills BURTON & ASSOCIATES FY 12 Residential Water &, Sewer EDGE,WATER Bill Comparison: 3,000 Gallons Combined Water & Sewer Bill Survey at 3,000 Gallons per Month Flagler County Bunnell ' Deland South Daytona Volusia County - East (S) Flagler Beach Titusville Palm Coast Volusia County - West (US) Holly Hill Seminole County Daytona Beach Oveido New Smyrna Beach Edgewater - Proposed Edgewater - Current Port Orange Orange City Sanford Ormond Beach 12 $51.68 $47.89 $41.95 ►3,000 gallons or less per month represents 55.6% of Residential bills BURTON & ASSOCIATES Ii"M EDGEWATER Conclusions &, Recommendations Revenue Produced by Current Rates is Not Sufficient to Address Annual Operating, Capital, Debt, and Reserve Requirements Multi -year Plan of Rate Revenue Adjustments is Required Comparable to current approved plan as well as national and local trends Consider Rate Structure Modifications for FY 2012 Conform to accepted industry practice Provide a greater allocation of costs and price incentive for conservation to large users Maintain affordability for low and average users Update Financial Management Plan Periodically Recommend annually or bi- annually Adjust plan as appropriate to account for changes in costs, demands, growth rates, regulatory requirements, borrowing costs, etc. 3 BURTON & ASSOCIATES City currently bills property owner for all water and sewer charges for rental properties Concern of certain stakeholders with current practice In some cases, property owners are left with unpaid bills that they cannot recover from tenants after they have gone City staff requested our input based on industry experience Identified 3 alternatives for billing of water and sewer services Determined the pro's and con's of each alternative Conclusions & Recommendations 14 BURTON & ASSOCIATES Ii-, TER Option l: Bill Property Owner Key Feature: Status quo Pro's: Limits the City's exposure to uncollectibles Ensures any uncollectibles associated with a property stay with that property and do not impact other ratepayers Least administratively burdensome Con's: Provides the potential for a tenant to avoid paying for services received resulting in a financial burden to the property owner Tenant has risk for service interruption due to owner non- payment 15 BURTON & ASSOCIATES (i"of • EDGEWATER Option 2: Bill Tenant Key Featu re: City would maintain level of deposits and keep them for tenant accounts Pro's: Places burden for payment of utility services on person /entity receiving service Removes exposure of property owner to unpaid or under - funded utility services Con's: Would increase the City's level of uncollectibles Based on industry experience, it is estimated to increase uncollectibles by an amount approximately equal to I% of rate revenue (about $75,000) Meaning an additional I% rate increase would be required to offset impact Uncollectibles for a property would impact other ratepayers More administratively burdensome as the account responsibility would revert to owner during periods of vacancy 16 BURTON & ASSOCIATES Option 3: (Hybrid) Split Bill EDGEWATER Between Owner 8, Tenant Key Features: Base charges for Water and Sewer and volume /usage charges to tenant City would maintain level of deposits and keep them for tenant accounts City would send an annual Stormwater Bill to the property owner Refuse and Recycling would be added to the annual tax bill Pro's: Limits exposure of property owner to unpaid utility services of tenants by about 50% Matches costs to beneficiary; "Readiness -to- serve" charges for service availability to tenants Volume /usage charges to the tenant receiving /using the service Allows property owner to identify fixed costs for refuse, recycling and stormwater and ensure pass through in rental charges Con's: Potential increase in uncollectibles (will be offset to a certain extent by deposits) Uncollectibles for a tenant may impact other ratepayers if in excess of deposits Most administratively burdensome option Extra billing and postage costs and additional customer service expenses for more accounts Not anticipated to rise to the level of requiring additional rate impact Account responsibility would revert to owner during periods of vacancy 17 BURTON & ASSOCIATES EDGEiWATER Conclusions 8, Recommendation Option 1 (Owner) is simplest, has the lowest /least risk to the City, but is least effective in terms of ensuring the entity receiving service pays for it Option 2 (Tenant) is simple, has the highest risk to the City, and is most effective in terms of ensuring the entity receiving service pays for it Option 3 (Hybrid) is more administratively complex, has moderate risk to the City, and does a reasonable job in terms of ensuring the entity receiving service pays for it If the City is to change from its current practice (Option 1), we would recommend that the City choose Option 3 18 BURTON & ASSOCIATES EDGEWATER Discussion 19 BURTON & ASSOcIATES