Edgewater Landing - Archeoloigcal Investigations - Robert E Johnson - July 1988, Revised October 1988 2 2/g
EDGEWATER LANDING - ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
ALONG THE INDIAN RIVER NORTH,
VOLUSIA COUNTY, FLORIDA
BY:
ROBERT E. JOHNSON AND DANA STE, CLAIRE
SUBMITTED TO:
RADNOR EDGEWATER CORPORATION
P. 0. Box 1179
EDGEWATER, FLORIDA 32032
BY:
ROBERT E, JOHNSON
ARCHEOLOGICAL CONSULTANT
4250 MELROSE AVENUE
.JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 32210
JULY 1988
(REVISED OCTOBER 1988)
DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Bureau of Archaeological Research
Room 312, 500 South Bronough Street
TALLAHASSEE, FL 32399 -0250
TO Jack Corder j
PO Box 100
Edgewater, F1 32132
•
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FLORIDA DEP.AR IMFNT OF STATE
Jim Smith
Secretary of State
DIVISION OF HISTORICAL RESOURCES
R.A. Cray Building
Tallahassee, F1or ;da 323'9 -0250
M4)4884480
September 9, 1988 In Reply Refer To:
Robert C. Taylor
Mr. Robert E. Johnson Historic Sites Specialist
Archeological Consultant (904) 487 -2333
4250 Melrose Avenue Project File No. 881983
Jacksonville, Florida 32210
RE: August 2, 1988, Getter and Attachtnents
Cultural Resource Assessment Review Request
"Edgewater Landing - Archeological Investigations Along the Indian River
North, Volusia County, Florida," (Robert E. Johnson and Dana Ste. Claire,
July 1988), ACOE Permit Application No. 87IPL -20552
Dear Mr. Johnson:
In accordance with the procedures contained in 36 C.F.R., Part 000
( "Prob :tion of Historic Properties ") , INe have reviewed the above referenced
projects for possible impact to archaeological and historical sites or properties
listed, or eligible for listing, in the National Register of Historic Places.
The authority for this procedure is the National Historic Preservation Act of
1966 (Public Law 89 -665), as a.nended.
t;ea have reviewed the above referenced report, and find it to be complete and
sufficient. On the basis of the information presented, we concur with the
findings of the survey performed by Archaeological Consultants, Robert E. Johnson
and Dana St. Claire.
We r.)te that sites 8V0116, 8V01704, 8V01706, and 8V01708 have been
to be ineligible of listing in Gie National R .]ist ?r of Historic
Places. Project activities may proceed in these locations without further
1 nvoly x nt with this agency.
Sites 8V01707 and 8V01709 ', :.e been r.'alu, d as being potentially '. 19i'ale
.r•
h:3 on Phase I ai. cha. o': i :a1 ,:urvcy results. This agency recoan 3s {h t
these sites be subjected to Ph.ise II testier in order to determine their
eligibility for listing in the National R Sister of historic Places.
Sites 8V01705 and 8V0115 have been evaluat?:3 as being eligible of listing in
the National Ra• .]ester of _Hist.ori4 Places bas , :d on the results of Phase II
exl :a...:1t t:ns. . - 'ihis 3`3' 'icy l :, -o..ha .. -nds that these itos be
pr,_'sc_ cvud as 'green space within the Lnroppsed c3C•veloIn ent, or by other means
without further testing as they continuo to be preserved. If preservation is not
feasible, this agency recann_n:3s that sites 8V01705 and 6V0115 be subjected to a
professional, . salvage excavation in order to mitigate their
des't at:tion.
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Mr. Robert E. Johnson
September 9, 1988
Page 2
It has been suggested that personnel from the Bureau of Historic
Preservation meet orrsite with the applicant, Mr. Martel 0. Berge, and the
archaeological consultants, to discuss the project's results, this agency's
recommendations, and to view first. hand the sites in question. We propose that
an on site meeting be held on either September 28th or 29th, 1988 in order to
discuss the various preservation and mitigation options.
Therefore, conditioned upon the applicant preserving or undertaking Phase II
investigations at sites 8V0L707 and 8VO1709, and preserving or mitigating the
destruction of sites 8VO1705 and 8VO115 by means.of a professional archaeological
salvage excavation, the proposed project will have no adverse effect on any sites
listed, or eligible for listing, in the National Register of Historic Places, or
otherwise of national, state, or local significance. Project activities in all
other areas of Edgewater Landing property may proceed without,further involvement
with this agency.
If you have any questions concerning our canments, please do not hesitate to
contact us. Your interest and cooperation in helping to protect Florida's
archaeological and historical resources are appreciated.
Sincerely,
GWP /rct
• George W. Percy, Director
xc: Martel 0. Berge Division of Historical Roources
John Adams, ACOE and
State Historic Preservation Officer
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FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF STATE
Jim Smith
Secretary of State
DIVISION OF HISTORICAL RESOURCES
R.A. Gray Building
Tallahassee, Florida 32399
(904) 488 -1480
October 26, 1988 In Reply Refer To:
Ms. Mary D.. Hansen Louis D. Tesar
Owen & Storch Historic Preservation
926 South Ridgewood Avenue Supervisor
Daytona Beach, Florida 32014 (904) 487 -2333
Project File No. 882593
RE: October 10, 1988 Meeting and October 12, 1988 Letter (Attachment)
Cultural Resource Assessment Request
Corps Permit Application No. 87IPL -20552
Radnor Corporation's Edgewater Landing Project
Volusia County, Florida
Dear Ms. Hansen:
In accordance with the procedures contained in 36 C.F.R., Part 800
( "Protection of Historic Properties ") , w.e. have reviewed the above referenced
project for possible impact to archaeological and historical sites or properties
listed, or eligible for listing, in the National Register of Historic Places.
The authority for these procedures is the National Historic Preservation Act of
1966 (Public Law 89 -665), as amended.
In our letter of September 9, 1988 (see attachment) , we reviewed the
results of the "Edgewater Landing- Archeological Investigations along the Indian
River North, Volusia County, Florida" (July 1988) report by Robert E. Johnson and
Dana Ste. Claire. In that letter we concurred with the authors' opinion that
sites 870115, 8701704, 8701706 and 8701708 are not eligible for listing in the
National Register of Historic Places. This opinion was based on the conclusion
that those sites were either so disturbed that they would not yield significant
site data, or that additional archaeological work at those sites would not yield
cultural data beyond that Which it has already yielded. For instance, Shell
Midden A (8701704) would have been considered National Register eligible had the
Phase I archaeological fieldwork been halted at the level of work cOriucted at
Shell Midden B (8701705), which is considered National Register eligible.
However, the level of excavation conducted at site 8V017O4 is equivalent to
Phase III archaeological salvage excavation, such that it was concluded that
additional work would not yield information beyond that already recovered.
In our September 9th letter, ;to also concluded, on t`1e basis of Phase I
archaeological survey work, that sites 8701707 and 8701709 are considered
potentially eligible for listing in the National Register, but require
e3ditional Phase II testio3 to.permit a final evaluation of significance.
Finally, in that letter ••.tee concluded that sites 8V01705 and 270115 are eligible
for listing in the National Register.
ct,.,.c_., c! b i i F , "1•lite Pro rams 1f:stori( Pteser ation \lu :tL:n of Florida History
_
tG :, 8, 2333 ,.Q;
• 1
Ms. Mary D. Hansen
October 26, 1988
Page Two
In our October 10, 1988 meeting, we confirmed our previous opinion that
sites 8 \10116, 8\101704, 8V01706 and 8V01708 are not considered eligible for
listing in the National Register of Historic Places Thus, no further work is
recommended at any of those sites. Development in those areas may proceed
without further involvement with this agency, unless unexpected hu;nan remains are
encountered.
Mound D (site 8Vo115), located on Lot 347, is considered eligible for
listing in the National Register. This feature may have hlnnan remains, and also
contains the potential of contributing significant subsistence data. For that
reason, we recornrended either site preservation or mitigation of any adverse
project impacts through archaeological salvage excavation.
At the October 10th meeting and specifically in your October 12th letter,
you state in item no. 1 that "Mound D will be substantially preserved except for
driveway access and perhaps a small portion of the waterward extent of the mound
for the installation of manufactured housing "; and, in item no. 5 note that "some
degree of additional sampling will be done to determine whether human remains
exist there. The mound will still be substantially preserved even if only
subsistence remains are found."
The preceeding statements reflect the sense of our October 10th meeting.
For clarification, although we did not discuss it at our meeting, we have taken
the liberty of suggesting a minimum level of work at this site. It is the level
of work which we would expect a professional archaeologist to present, and is
intended to help your client negotiate with such professionals. It is our
recommendation that limited additional testing be conducted within the area to be
adversely affected by proposed project construction, with the understanding that
deed restrictions will be used to protect the larger portion of the site
scheduled for preservation. The more limited testing within the proposed road
and building construction impact zone will be to verify that no human remains are
present. If such remains are found to be present within the project impact zone,
then the provisions of Chapter 872, F.S. will apply. The sampling strategy for
that area is to be designed and conducted by a professional archaeologist to
obtain column samples for detailed subsistence data analysis, to excavate two or
more lm square test units in the project impact area, and to monitor construction
impacts, as needed, to assure that fortuitously encountered human remains or
other significant cultural features are properly recorded and recovered. The
resulting recovered materials are to be professionally analyzed and reported to
complete the mitigation of project impacts from the restricted project
activities. The method of reporting is contained in the draft Compliance Review
Standards and Guidelines document which you obtained at our October 10th meeting.
No additional, more extensive, arc:a gical mitigation work was proposed for
the bulk of Mound D because of its proposed preservation.
As we discussed in our October 10th meeting, because of the project
developer's stated ccxiritment to preserve p-rrranently through restrictive
convenants in excess of 25% of Shell ridden B (8V01705) , we are recommending only
rrinimel phase II testing, (three Lm x lm test units on every other lot beginning
with lot 93) , with a decision on whether or not to recommend additional Phase III
Ms. Mary D. Hansen
October 26, 1988
Page Three
salvage work to be based on the Phase II testing results. Were it not for the
large percentage of site area committed to preservation, we would have
recommended mitigative salvage excavation of a magnitude similar to that
conducted at Shell Midden A (8V01704). It is suggested that a shall backhoe be
used under the guidance of a professional archaeologist to open limited areas to
facilitate the judgmental placement of the lm x lm sampling units off the sides
of these trenches to maximize data recovery. Column samples for analysis of
dietary remains are to be taken from every test unit. However, only 1/3 of these
column samples need be analyzed in detail. They should be selected judgmentally
by the zooarchaeologist and ethnobotonist contracted to analyze this site data to
represent a cross - section of the site. The excavated material and field
observations from all excavated test pits and at least 1/3 of the column samples
from site 8V01705 are to be analyzed and reported in a professionally acceptable
manner. We are willing to meet with you, your client and the professional
archaeologist hired to conduct this work to resolve any questions, as well as to
expedite project initiation, review and approval.
No construction, ground disturbing activities (other than that conducted as
part of the archaeological research), or construction equipment and material
storage should be permitted on the lots to be tested in the Shell Midden B
(8V01705) area until the testing and analysis results have been reporter, judged
to be complete and sufficient, and a determination made by the Division of
Historical Resources that no additional archaeological salvage work is warranted.
Following its review of the Phase II testing results, the Division may release
for construction those lots for which it believes additional work is unlikely to
contribute further to our understanding of the site's function, chronology, etc.
It is reca:tnended that the excavated material and field notes from this and all
other archaeological sites on the property be curated at a professional museum or
anthropological facility where they will be available for further study. However,
the developer may wish to retain some of these materials for display on the
project site.
On the other hand, with the exception of the 25% preservation area,
construction may proceed without further involvement with this agency in lots 92,
94, 96, 98, 100, 102 and 104, conditioned upon the cessation of any such work in
the immediate vicinity of any human remains unexpectedly encountered as a
consequence of such activities. The provisions of Chapter 872, F.S., shall be
followed with respect to any human remains encountered anywhere on the subject
property.
We look forward to receiving and reviewing the deed restrictions for the
preservation of significant archaeological resources within the project tract.
Finally, at the October 10th meeting it Was stated that Shell Midden E (8V01707)
and Shell Midden G (8V01709) are to be preserved without any development features
being constructed on thorn. If this is reflected in the deed restrictions, then
our reco:'rnendation to conduct additional archaeological testing at those sites as
a condition of project approval is withdrawn, with the caveat that such a
recommendation rtnains should any development at those sites be proposed in the
future.
Ms. Mary D. Hansen
October 26, 1988
Page Four
It is our recommendation that approval of Corps Permit 87IPL -2055 for the
subject property, with respect to the issue of historic preservation, be modified
from that stated in our September 9, 1988 letter to that contained in this letter
and in your October 12, 1988 letter. By copy of this letter we are advising the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers of our revised recommendation.
If you have any questions concerning our comments, please do not hesitate
to contact us. Your interest and cooperation in helping to protect Florida's
archaeological and historical resources are appreciated.
Sincerely,
Vitv �`j 2
� � � f�Lf
�or T�. rcy, Di ctory
4 f e iv sbn of Pe Historical re Resources
and
State Historic Preservation Officer
Enclosures (2)
xc: Michael R. Patrick
•
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fi,;uirc 3. 1' 1.1ntiii Survey Area with Atchcoloy,ic.11 Sile 1,',
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EDGEWATER LANDING - ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
ALONG THE INDIAN RIVER NORTH,
VOLUSIA COUNTY, FLORIDA
BY:
ROBERT E. JOHNSON AND DANA STE. CLAIRE
SUBMITTED TO:
RADNOR EDGEWATER CORPORATION
P. O. Box 1179
EDGEWATER, FLORIDA 32032
BY:
ROBERT E. JOHNSON
ARCHEOLOGICAL CONSULTANT
4250 MELROSE AVENUE
JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA 32210
JULY 1988
(REVISED OCTOBER 1988)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS i
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. PROJECT LOCATION 4
III. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS 7
IV. REGIONAL CULTURAL SETTING 9
VI. SURVEY FIELD METHODS 13
VII. RESULTS OF SURVEY 14
VIII. SITE DESCRIPTIONS AND RECOMMNENDATIONS 17
IX. SURVEY SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 27
X. PHASE II ASSESSMENT INTRODUCTION
AND PHASE III MITIGATION 28
XI. RESULTS OF PHASE II AND PHASE III
INVESTIGATIONS 30
XII. PROJECT SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 51
XIII. RECOMMENDATIONS 56
REFERENCES CITED 56
i
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. General Vicinity Map Showing Edgewater
Landing Survey Area 5
2. Edgewater Landing Survey Area with Transect
Locations, Volusia County, Florida 6
3. Edgewater Landing Survey Area with Archeological
Site Locations, Volusia County, Florida 15
4. Shell Midden A, Site 8Vo1704, Profile 32
5. Shell Midden A, Site 8Vo1704, Profile 32
6. Shell Midden B, Site 8Vo1705, Profile 41
7. Shell Midden C, Site 8Vo1706, Profile 41
8. Shell Midden C, Site 8Vo1706, Profile 48
9. Shell Midden C, Site 8Vo1706, Profile 48
10. Shell Midden D, Site 8Vo115, Profile 51
11. Shell Midden D, Site 8Vo115, Profile 51
ii
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1. General Cultural Periods Volusia Couny Region 12
2. Edgewater Landing Florida Master
Site File Numbers 14
3. Edgewater Landing Ceramics: Counts by
Type and Site 16
4. Stratigraphy: Shell Midden A (8Vo1704) 33
5. Vertical Distribution of Faunal Materials
from Midden A North 37
6. Stratigraphy: Shell Mound (Midden D) 8Vo115 52
7. Shell Midden (Mound) D, 8Vo115,
Faunal Distribution 53
8. Edgewater Landing NRHP Site Status 56
r
iii
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of the following report is to present the
findings of a recently completed Phase I Archeological Site
Assessment Survey and Phase II Testing conducted in Volusia
County, Florida. In addition, three of the sites tested
during Phase II were subjected to Phase III mitigation
efforts in order to allow for the initiation of construction
efforts in the least time possible. This report serves as a
revision of the project's final report submitted in July
1988. Due to confusion on the part of the project's sponsor,
this report has been revised in order to more clearly state
precisely what level of investigation occurred at each of
those sites examined during the project.
The purpose of this investigation was to establish the
presence or absence of archeological sites on the Edgewater
Landing development tract and to assess each site's
eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of
Historic Places. This archeological research was sponsored
by the project developer, Radnor /Edgewater Corporation, of
Edgewater, Florida.
The Phase I archeological survey of the Edgewater
Development was conducted during a 14 -day period in the
months of October and November 1987 in response to a request
for comment by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers of
1
Jacksonville. The state commenting agency, the Florida
Division of Historical Resources, expressed concern
regarding the presence of regionally significant
archeological sites on a tract of land known as the Edgewater
Landing Development. Such state agency review is generally
conducted in accordance with procedures contained in 36CFR800
( "Procedures for the Protection of Historic and Cultural
Properties "). These federal mandates are designed to protect
historic properties listed in or eligible for listing in the
National Register of Historic Places. Pertinent authorities
for these procedures are the National Historic Preservation
Act of 1966 (Public Law 89 -665) as amended by P.L. 91 -243,
P.L. 93 -54, P.L. 94 -422, P.L. 94 -458, and P.L. 96 -515.
Additional authorities are contained in Presidential
Executive Order 11593 ( "Production and Enhancement of the
Cultural Environment ").
Following completion of the archeological site
assessment survey, Phase II archeological investigations were
recommended for four of the eight sites identified during the
survey. One site, the remnants of what may have been a sand
burial mound, was found to be totally destroyed, thereby,
lacking status as a significant archeological site. Two
other sites, one comprised of two adjacent marsh islands and
another occurring on a linear peninsular, were deemed
2
potentially significant, but are not to be developed,
thereby, affording preservation status.
In addition to the survey, Phase II archeological
investigations (requiring 23 field -days) and Phase III
mitigation (requiring 22 field -days) were conducted during a
45 field -day period between January 4, 1988 and April 12,
1988. The Phase II investigations demonstrated that each of
the sites subjected to Phase II testing met eligibility
requirements under 36CFR60.4 and should, therefore, be
managed as significant cultural resources as outlined in
federal regulations (36CFR800). At the request of the
project's sponsor, consultations were held with the Florida
Division of Historical Resources in order to seek approval of
initiating Phase III mitigation efforts (immediately
following Phase II fieldwork) primarily at Site 8Vo1704,
Shell Midden A, as this site occupied an area planned for the
. development's recreation center which could not be preserved
and the initiation of construction of this facility needed to
be expedited (Martel U. Berge, personal communication, 1988).
In addition to Site 8Vo1704, a small peripheral portion
of Shell Midden B (8Vo1705) was also subjected to Phase III
mitigation efforts in order to allow for the initiation
Edgewater Landing's Phase I road construction. The final
site subjected to Phase III mitigation efforts was Shell
Midden C, Site 8Vo1706. Although not in the development's
3
Phase I construction area, the size of this deposit allowed
for mitigation with the implementation of a single 2 meter
square excavation unit, the mitigation of which would remove
this deposit from the National Register eligibility list.
The implementation of Phase III efforts allowed for the
successful mitigation of Shell Midden A and Shell Midden C,
as well as a small portion of Shell Midden B. Following
notification of the Florida Division of Historical Resources
of the results of Phase III field efforts, each of these
areas were released for the initiation of construction on or
about May 3, 1988 (Louis Tesar, personal communication 1988).
Following fieldwork, a twelve -week period was utilized
for analysis and final report preparation. During this
period, all of the data collected during the course of this
investigation was analyzed and reported.
PROJECT LOCATION
The Edgewater Landing Development project area is
located in the southeastern portion of Volusia County near
the community of Edgewater or approximately 1 kilometer south
of the intersection of US Highway 1 and State Road 442
(Figure 1). The survey area lies within portions of three
sections of Township 18 South, Range 34 East, Sections 1, 2,
and 12 (Figure 2).
Lying along the east coast of the state between the
Atlantic Ocean to the east and the St. Johns River to the
4
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Figure 1. General Vicinity Map Showing Edgewater Landing Survey Area.
Source: U.S.G.S. 1950.
Township 18S
Range 34E
b ° � n da zy Sections 1 & 12
y
a lea
S ie Transect 1
unnamed creek
Section 1 * �
4),
Transect 3
Section line
^ Q
Transect 5
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Transect 7 .\
aazy
are
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scale
Figure 2. Edgewater Landing Survey Area with Transect Locations,
Volusia County, Florida.
r ,
west, the Volusia County area occurs within the lower
Atlantic Coastal Plain. The surface areas of the county are
covered with sandy marine sediments which were deposited
primarily during Pleistocene and more recent, Holocene,
times. Physiographically, the relict shorelines, karst
ridges, and level, or nearly so, marine terraces characterize
the county's topography.
In terms of project area specifics, the survey area is
comprised of approximately 150 acres. The survey area is
bordered on the north by lands of unknown ownership, on the
east by the Indian River North, on the south by commercial
development, and on the west by U.S. Highway 1. Current
project vegetation is composed primarily of a coastal messic
hardwood hammock overstory with a relatively thick second
growth palmetto /scrub oak understory.
PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS
This section concerns itself with past archaeological
and historical investigations on and relatively near the
project area; a detailed account of research conducted in the
general St.Johns archaeological region can be found in
Goggin's (1952) "Space and Time Perspective in Northern
St.Johns Archaeology, Florida" and Milanich and Fairbanks
(1980) "Florida Archaeology ".
Sites in the project area were first investigated and
accounted for by J. Francis Le Baron (1884) and Amos W.
7
Butler (1917) when two upland sand mounds, 8Vo116 and 8Vo117,
were explored. Although the Florida Division of Historical
Resources Master Site File indicates general vicinities for
the sites, both are thought by the agency to have occupied
areas with the project boundaries. Le Baron (1884:780)
records one as the Fox Mound. Butler (1917:104 -107) possibly
documents this same site some years later as well as another
in the immediate area during his explorations of the shell
mounds of East Florida. Two disturbed areas of shell and
ceramic scatter in the upland regions of the project tract
may, in fact, represent these two sites, although this is
difficult to confirm due to the general locations recorded
for these sites and their present deteriorated nature. While
8Vo116 and 8Vo117 may have at one time represented burial
mounds, no human remains were recovered from the disturbed
site scatters to suggest this. Finally, Butler's "Site
Number 9" (1917:104), also called Vaux Place, represents
possibly the extensive shell mound island in the southeastern
portion of the project area or the small shell mound listed
in survey as Mound D.
Associated St.Johns period sites which occur in close
proximity to the Edgewater Landing project area include the
Turtle Mound site (Le Baron 1884; Douglas 1885; Webb 1894;
/ Browner 1906; Butler 1917) and Castle Windy (Butler 1917:106;
Bullen and Sleight 1959), two extensive shell mounds which
8
are situated in the immediate area (within three miles of the
project area to the southeast). Other notable examples
include Green Mound (Butler 1917:106; Griffin 1948a and
1948b; Bullen and Sleight 1960), another St.Johns period
shell mound which occurs less than five miles northeast of
the project tract.
In addition to site specific investigations, other major
and minor syntheses contain information which directly or
indirectly concerns the regions in which the project area
falls. These include Goggin's (1952) work regarding the
St.Johns region, Rouse's (1951) overview of Indian River
archaeology, and in a lesser fashion Sweet and Marsden's
(1925) account of "antiquities" in the New Smyrna area.
REGIONAL CULTURAL SETTING
The Edgewater Landing Development project area is
located in the southeastern portion of Volusia County
approximately one kilometer south of the community of
Edgewater. The Turtle Mound site is virtually across the
river to the south and the Castle Windy midden occurs
approximately two miles farther south. The Hontoon Island
site is situated some 35 miles to the west.
Edgewater Landing falls into an environmental zone known
as the lagoon and marsh sections of the coastal sector
(Larson 1980:13) and is best characterized by tidal salt
marshes and a coastal messic hardwood hammock overstory with
9
a relatively dense palmetto /scrub oak understory. The
physiographic variation contained within these regions
accounted for a highly diverse range of plant and animal
species which were utilized by its prehistoric inhabitants.
In particular, a large bulk of the aboriginal diet was
sustained by the intensive exploitation of a large shellfish
population found within the adjacent coastal , lagoons and
marshes including oyster (Crassostrea virginica) and clam
(Mercenaria campechiensis). These activities are evidenced
by the extensive shell midden deposits which characterize
almost all of the archaeological sites on the project tract
and in surrounding areas.
The Edgewater region may have first been explored by
Ponce de Leon in 1513, but regional settlement did not occur
primarily until following the settlement of St. Augustine in
1565. As in early times the area remains suited to farming
and agricultural practices with cattle, citrus, various
vegetable crops, ornamental plants, and timber constituting
major industries or products.
In terms of a regional cultural setting, the Edgewater
Landing survey tract lies in northeast Florida within the
East and Central Lake District Archeological Area (Milanich
and Fairbanks, 1980).
This area contains a prehistoric cultural sequence
ranging from Paleo- Indian times (12,000 B.C. - 6500 B.C.),
10
through the St. Johns I & II times (500 B.C. - A.D. 800), as
well as Seminole times (post A.D. 1700). During the earliest
periods of man's existence in Florida, aboriginal subsistence
strategies focused upon a big game hunting tradition.
However, the extinction of Pleistocene megafauna species
appears to have occurred around 6,000 to 7,000 E.C. This
phenomenon led to a major aboriginal subsistence shift from
primarily big game hunting to that of hunting and gathering.
In the Archaic aboriginal diet, large game animals were
replaced with smaller species such as white- tailed deer and
small mammals. In addition, this diet was supplemented by
the exploitation of a number of plants, fish, and shellfish.
Following these times, known generally as the Archaic,
the utilization of numerous plant and animal species was
replaced with limited domestication of several plant species
including corn, beans, and squash. At the time of European
contact, the aborigines of northeast Florida followed this
lifeway living in permanent or semipermanent villages (Lee et
al. 1984).
In general, the major aboriginal cultural periods, and
associated dates, which occurred within the East and Central
Lake Archeological District are summarized below.
11
Table 1. General Cultural Periods Volusia County region.
Period General Date
Paleo - Indian 12,000 B.C. to 6,500 B.C.
Archaic (Early & Middle) 6,500 B.C. to 4,000 B.C.
Mount Taylor /Orange 4,000 B.C. to 1,000 B.C.
Transitional 1,000 B.C. to 500 B.C.
St. Johns I 500 B.C. to 800 A.D.
St. Johns II 800 A.D. to 1,565 A.D.
St. Augustine 1,565 A.D. to 1.,700 A.D.
Seminole 1,700 A.D. to present
Following European contact and attempted settlement by
various European powers, the aborigines of Florida were
subjected to intense cultural, social, and political
modification pressures which aided greatly, along with a
number of foreign diseases against which the Indians had
little or no resistance, to their demise. The indigenous
Indian populations of Florida were most greatly affected and
influenced by the Spaniards who attempted to "Christianize"
them thereby assuring Spanish control over most of early
Florida. However, following British raids against the
Spanish mission system in the early eighteenth century, the
indigenous Indian populations were all but eliminated. The
resulting Indian population void was quickly filled, however,
by Alabama and Georgia Creek Indians who, upon taking up
residence in Florida, became known as the Seminole Indians
(Fairbanks 1978; Milanich and Fairbanks 1980).
12
1
SURVEY FIELD METHODS
The Edgewater Landing survey was conducted using three
primary archeological survey techniques, that of (1) general
surface reconnaissance, (2) transect subsurface testing, and
(3) judgemental selective testing. The implementation of
each of these techniques resulted in the discovery of
archeological sites. The most effective approach was
judgemental testing conducted along the project area
shoreline. Following implementation of the general surface
reconnaissance, data collected suggested that sites were more
likely to occur along the shoreline and that those areas west
of the immediate coastal area contained a lower probability
of site occurrence. As a result of data collected during
surface reconnaissance, a total of eight transects were
employed to conduct subsurface testing. For ease of
implementation, existing land survey cuts were utilized. As
a result transects were spaced at 133 meter intervals
north -south and oriented approximately east -west. Screened
(12.5mm or 1/2 ") subsurface shovel tests (50cm square) were
spaced at 90 meter intervals along each transect. All shovel
tests were excavated in 10cm levels and were back filled upon
completion. During judgemental testing along the shoreline,
the shovel test interval was reduced to 30 meters. A total
of 79 subsurface tests were implemented during the survey.
13
RESULTS OF SURVEY
The Edgewater Landing survey resulted in the discovery
of both known as well as unknown archeological sites. A
total of eight archeological sites were identified during
this investigation, two of which were listed by "general
vicinity" in the Florida Master Site files and identified
during project background research. These sites were 8Vo115
and 8Vo116. A third listed site, 8Vo117 was not identified
in the field and its exact location remains unknown.
A list of those sites discovered during the Edgewater
Landing survey is presented in Table 2, and site locations
may be seen in Figure 3. Table 2 contains temporary field
designations as well as permanent site numbers assigned by
the Florida Division of Historical Resources in Tallahassee.
Table 2. Edgewater Landing Florida Master Site File Numbers
Temporary Field Number Permanent State Number
Mound A 8Vo116
Shell Midden A 8Vo1704
Shell Midden B 8Vo1705
Shell Midden C 8Vo1706
Shell Midden D (Shell Mound) 8V0115
Shell Midden E 8Vo1707
Shell Midden F 8Vo1708
Shell Midden G 8Vo1709
Ceramic artifacts recovered from each of these sites is
presented in Table 3 and represents the primary source of
14
Township 18S
Range 34E
aad Sections 1 & 12
bo
a , C e a
S �
Shell Midden A
8Vo 17 04 4 0 �
1 G�,
unnamed
2
creek
Shell Midden B
8Vo1705
Section line Shell idden E
Shell Midden C 8Vo 07
81/01706 ~- ^ QJ
'co `J
Shell 'dden G
�
\ o\
- 8Vo 709
Shell Mound 1)
8Vo115 6
Shell Midden F 0
8Vo1708
Sand Mound A J � aa zy
8Vo116$ bo
a , e a
-Jf vY � ey
0 160m
scale
Figure 3. Edgewater Landing Survey Area with Archeological Site Locations,
Volusia County, Florida.
Table 3. Edgewater Landing Ceramics: Counts by Type and Site
Shell Midden Sand
Type AB C D E F G Mound
Total
St. Johns Plain 10 13 1 3 36 57 120
57.4
St. Johns Check ( ?) 1 1
0.5
Untyped red filmed 2 2
1.0
Untyped plain
sand tempered 5 4 2 11
5.3
Untyped plain
sand /chalk tempered 17 1 18
8.5
Unidentified
chalk tempered
cf. St. Johns 14 14
6.7
Unidentified 1 9 32 42
20.1
Untyped burnished
plain 1 • 1
0.5
Total 18 27 0 1 3 0 88 72 209
100.0
each site's chronological placement. Examination of Shell
Middens C and F produced no aboriginal ceramics possibly
suggesting a preceramic Archaic period occupation. It should
•
16
be noted that the lack of ceramics from these two deposits
might also be a function of limited site sampling.
Another interesting fact observed in the total ceramic
sample is that the collection is virtually void of decorated
ceramics and specifically St. Johns Check Stamped. This
ceramic type is considered to be a St. Johns II period (post
A.D. 800) horizon marker and its total absence on the
Edgewater Landing project strongly suggest that the Edgewater
shell middens were deposited in St. Johns I period times or
sometime between 500 B.C. and A.D. 800. If accurate, this
assessment is significant in that few village sites of the
St. Johns I period have been examined scientifically.
Previous archeological investigations have suggested that it
was during the St. Johns period that oysters became the
dominant shellfish species utilized for food by Florida's
aborigines. In addition, current data suggests that these
coastal camps were probably occupied during the colder months
of the year.
SITE DESCRIPTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The following information is presented to describe those
sites located or relocated during this archeological survey.
As previously mentioned, two of the three archeological sites
identified during background research as being known to exist
on the property were rediscovered during fieldwork. In
addition, six previously undiscovered archeological sites
17
were identified during this investigation.
Site 8Vo115 -- Shell Mound ( Midden DI
This site is located in Township 18S, Range 34 E,
Section 12 and is identified as Shell Midden D in Figure 3.
This site was identified during background research as a
shell mound of unknown size being listed in the Florida
Master Site Files by "general vicinity." It's precise
location was not identified until rediscovered during the
Edgewater survey.
Site 8Voll5 is located in the central coastal portion of
the Edgewater tract approximately 50 meters west of the
Indian River North salt marsh. Oriented on a north -south
axis, approximate mound dimensions are 12 meters north -south
by 8 meters east -west (approximately 1 meter in height).
Three distinct borrow pits have been identified adjacent to
the mound.
A single shovel test placed on the eastern edge of the
mound revealed five distinct zones ranging from 18 cm to 78
cm below current surface. These zones ranged from l0yr 4/1
dark gray to 10yr 7/1 light gray. Cultural material
recovered from the mound suggests a St. John's period
occupation (Table 3). Faunal materials recovered from the
mound include 8 unidentified turtle fragments as well as four
additional bone fragments also unidentified. Shell
recovered from this unit totaled 70 liters and is estimated
18
to have been composed of 90% oyster and approximately 10%
clam.
In terms of site function, this mound may have served as
a shell capped burial mound but due to the limited amount of
information available, precise mound function has not been
determined during Phase I survey. Disturbance of this site
(mound proper) appears minimal as the mound appears to be
relatively intact. However, several "borrow areas" adjacent
to this mound may be a function of mound construction or
possibly shell midden removal for use on non -site (historic
roadway construction ?) areas. This mound represents a
potentially significant prehistoric cultural resource
deposit. In terms of National Register criteria, the site
appears to be potentially eligible for inclusion in the
National Register of Historic Places as it appears to
contain significant information. regarding prehistoric
occupation and settlement of the Volusia County area. It
was the opinion of the survey findings that a Phase II
archeological Site Assessment Study designed to make a final
determination of the site's significance be conducted prior
to any ground surface modification.
Site 8Vo116 - The Edgewater Mound
As with site 8Vo115, the presence of this site was
suggested during background research in the Florida Master
Site Files. Actual site location was identified during
19
project fieldwork. The site is located in the southwest
corner of the survey area in Township 18S, Range 34E, Section
12 (Figure 3). It should be noted that two such sand mounds
were listed in the state site files and identified as
archeological sites 8Vo116 and 8Vo117. Information
contained within the site files was vague at best as verbal
descriptions and locations of these sites were almost
identical. The sand mound discovered during survey was
arbitrarily assigned Site No. 8Vo116 in order to preclude
additional confusion regarding these sites. The location of
Site 8Vo117 remains unknown. In terms of survey, this site
was identified during general surface reconnaissance. A
total of 72 ceramic artifacts were recovered from this site
from 6 different proveniences (a surface collection and 5
subsurface shovel tests) with most recovered during surface
reconnaissance. Munsell soils are primarily l0yr 5/3 brown
and l0yr 7/8 yellow and appear heavily mixed. Ceramics
recovered from this mound suggests a St. John's period
occupation (Table 3).
In terms of current site condition, this site appears to
have been totally destroyed by previous construction
activities. These disturbances include construction of U.S.
Highway 1 to the west, commercial development to the south
and southeast, and the construction of what appears to be a
old railroad bed to the north. The site is composed of a
20
thin surface and subsurface scatter of aboriginal ceramics
and shell occupying a low (less than 1/2 meter) rise.
Artifacts and shell have been spread over a area covering
some 40 to 60 meters in diameter making or resulting in a
precise estimate of the mounds original shape or size
difficult.
Due to the high degree of disturbance present at this
site, it appears unlikely that any intact portion of the
mound remains. This assessment is supplemented by subsurface
testing. As a result it does not appear likely that further
investigation of this site would produce significance
cultural information. It is the opinion of this
investigation that Site 8Vo116 does not represent significant
cultural resource deposit.
Shell Midden A - Site No. 8Vo1704
This site was identified during the Edgewater
Landing shoreline survey in Township 18S, Range 34 E, Section
1 (Figure 3). This site lies in the northeast portion of the
survey area. This site is comprised of a linear shell midden
deposit maintaining dimensions of approximately 200 meters
north-south by 25 meters east -west. Ceramic artifacts
recovered from this site suggest a St. John's period
occupation, (Table 3). This midden ranges in thickness from
21 to 41 cm below the surface and is composed primarily of a
Munsell l0yr 2/1 black matrix in a light to moderately dense
21
midden context. Subsurface shovel testing in this deposit
produced a total of 106.5 liters of shell composed primarily
of oyster with some clam noted. Faunal materials recovered
were limited and include fish as well as an unidentified
shark or ray.
Site 8Vo1704 represents a potentially significant
cultural resource deposit. The presence of faunal materials,
as well as shell and charcoal suggest that further
investigation of the site could produce significance St.
John's period subsistence and settlement pattern information.
It was the opinion of the survey findings that a Phase
II archeological Site Assessment Study designed to make a
final determination of the site's significance be conducted
prior to any ground surface modification.
Shell Midden B - Site No. 8Vo1705
This site was identified during transect testing in Test
6 of Transect 3. Lying immediately south of Shell Midden A,
8Vo1705 lies immediately adjacent to the Indian River North
salt marsh in Township 18S, Range 34 E, Section 1 (Figure 3).
Current information suggests site dimensions of approximately
250 meters north -south by 30 meters east -west. Ceramic
artifacts recovered from Shell Midden B suggests a St. John's
period occupation (Table 3).
Ranging in thickness from 10 to 47 cm, this site
represents one of the most extensive midden deposits on the
22
project area. The shell sample recovered from this site
totaled 298 liters. This sample was comprised of primarily
oyster but some clam and a limited sample of whelk was also
recovered. Faunal materials recovered from 8Vo1705 include
deer, turtle, and unidentified mammal.
Site 8Vo1705 represents a potentially significant
cultural resource deposit. The presence of large quantities
of shell supplemented by faunal materials and charcoal
suggests important subsistence and settlement pattern
information may be contained within this site. It is the
recommendation of this investigation that a Phase II
Archeological Site Assessment Study be conducted in order to
make a final determination of sites eligibility for inclusion
in the National Register of Historic Places. This site
should be protected from any physical impacts until such
determination can be made.
Shell Midden C - Site No. 8Vo1706
This site was identified during shoreline testing and
lies within Township 18S, Range 34E, Section 12. Lying
approximately 50 meters south of Shell Midden B, this site
also borders the Indian River North salt marsh (Figure 3).
Representing one of the smaller midden deposits on the
Edgewater tract, this site extends approximately 30 meters
north -south by 20 meters east -west. Subsurface testing
within this site produced a total of 70 liters of shell
23
composed primarily of oyster shell with also some clam,
scallop and whelk noted. No cultural materials were
recovered during the examination of this site.
For the most part, this midden deposit is approximately
25 -30cm thick and is composed primarily of l0yr 2/1 black
soils in a loosely compact deposit. The fact that no
aboriginal ceramics were recovered from Shell Midden C would
seem to suggest that this deposit may represent a preceramic
Archaic period occupation. It is possible, however, that the
absence of ceramics might be a function of sample size.
Shell Midden C represents a potentially significant
cultural resource deposit. The presence of several species
of shell and a limited faunal sample indicates this site may
contain significant subsistence and settlement pattern
information. In addition, further investigation of this
deposit is likely to provide sufficient information for the
site's chronological placement. It was the opinion of the
survey findings that a Phase II archeological Site Assessment
Study designed to make a final determination of the site's
significance be conducted prior to any ground surface
modification.
Shell Midden E - Site No. 8Vo1707
This site was identified during the shoreline survey of
Edgewater Landing. This site is composed of two small (25 to
40 meters in diameter) "shell islands." These islands lie
24
1
within the Indian River North salt marsh approximately 25
meters east of the mainland (Figure 3). This site lies
within Township 18S, Range 34 E, Section 12. The eastern
most of these islands contains a U.S.G.S. survey monument. A
single subsurface shovel test placed on the eastern most
island produced St. John's period ceramics (Table 3). The
shell sample recovered from this single test contained 180
liters of shell and totaled approximately 95% clam in a l0yr
• 2/1 black soil matrix. Although this test contained solid
midden to a depth of 95cm, the deposit appears to extend
beyond this depth.
Site No. 8Vo1707 appears to constitute a potentially
significant cultural resource deposit. It was the opinion of
the survey findings that a Phase II archeological Site
Assessment Study designed to make a final determination of
the site's significance be conducted prior to any ground
surface modification.
Shell Midden F - Site No. 8Vo1708
This site lies within Township 18S, Range 34E, Section
12. Like the other coastal middens, this site lies adjacent
to the Indian River North salt marsh (Figure 3). This site
was identified during the shoreline survey. Although a thin
surface shell scatter suggests somewhat larger dimensions,
Midden F represents the smallest midden deposit on the study
area having dimensions of perhaps 30 meters in diameter.
25
Midden F appears to have been subjected to agricultural or
other ground surface disturbance.
The shell sample recovered from this site totaled 51
liters and was composed primarily of oyster with some clam
noted. This deposit occurs in a 10yr 2/1 black to l0yr 3/1
very dark gray soil matrix. A limited faunal sample of 3
unidentified fish specimens was recovered from Shell Midden
F. The lack of aboriginal ceramics in the sample might
suggest that this site was occupied perhaps during preceramic
Archaic times. However, it is possible that aboriginal
ceramics may be contained within the site and might be
present in a larger sample size.
Site No. 8Vo1708 does not, due to its limited and
disturbed nature, constitute a significant cultural resource
deposit. No additional work is recommended.
Shell Midden G - Site No. 8Vo1709
This site was identified during the Edgewater Landing
shoreline survey. Comprised of a peninsular located in the
southeast corner of the Edgewater Landing Tract, Site No.
8Vo1709 lies within Township 18S, Range 34E, Section 12
(Figure 3). Limited subsurface testing of this site suggests
that much of the peninsular is underlaid by shell midden
deposit. Site dimensions are approximately 125 meters
north -south by 30 meters east -west. Aboriginal ceramic
26
materials recovered from the site suggest a St. John's period
occupation (Table 3).
Centrally placed subsurface test units in this midden
suggest a midden thickness ranging from 74 -85 cm. The shell
sample totaled 277 liters and was composed primarily of clam
(estimated to be approximately 95%). Other species included
oyster, scallop, mussel and razor clam are also represented.
The recovery of 4 unidentified faunal fragments and charcoal
suggests significant subsistence and settlement pattern
information may be contained within the site. Having a
similar composition (i.e.. deep clam deposit) it is possible
that this midden, as well as Shell Midden E (the Marsh
Islands), may have been deposited as a result of similar
biotic resource extractive practices, perhaps during the same
cultural period.
It was the opinion of the survey findings that a Phase
II archeological Site Assessment Study designed to make a
final determination of the site's significance be conducted
prior to any ground surface modification.
SURVEY SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
During a 14 -day period in October and November 1987, an
Archeological Site Assessment Survey was conducted on the
Edgewater Landing development tract located in Volusia
County, Florida. This investigation was designed to
establish the presence or absence of sites eligible or
27
potentially eligible for inclusion in the National Register
of Historic Places.
This survey resulted in the identification and discovery
of eight archeological sites. Of these, one site (8Vo116)
appears to have been destroyed by modern construction
activities. Data recovered from the remaining seven sites
suggest that six of these deposits are potentially
significant and niay, therefore, be eligible for inclusion in
the National Register of Historic Places.
From the data collected from the Edgewater Landing tract
during survey, a general view of settlement and subsistence
pattern information has been assembled. Although the survey
information must be considered limited, data suggest that
for the most part the Edgewater Landing shell middens appear
to represent primarily St. Johns I ( ?) coastal villages or
camps occupied for the primary purpose of exploitation of the
Indian River North salt marsh ecosystem.
The six sites identified as potentially significant were
protected from physical impact until a final determination of
eligibility could be accomplished.
PHASE II ASSESSMENT - INTRODUCTION
AND
PHASE III MITIGATION
Phase II and Phase III level archaeological
investigations were conducted at the Edgewater Landing
28
development tract, Volusia County, Florida from January to
April (field), and May to July (laboratory), 1988 in order to
determine the National Register significance of four of the
archeological sites discovered during the Phase I survey.
These sites include 8Vo1704 (Shell Midden A), 8Vo1705 (Shell
Midden B), 8Vo1706 (Shell Midden C), and 8Vo1709 (Shell
Mound - Midden D).
Phase II archaeological investigations at Edgewater
Landing, with the exception of Mound D (8Vo1709), were
performed in three stages: 1) secondary transect subsurface
testing of entire site locations was accomplished using .5
meter units to further and better delineate site boundaries
and to define areas of artifact concentration and prehistoric
activity; 2) 1 by 2 meter Phase II level test excavations;
and 3) 2 by 2 meter Phase III level excavation units. In all
stages, these tests were strategically placed in defined site
areas for maximum data yield and to further assess midden
deposition. A total of 95 .5 meter units were excavated to
delineate 8Vo1704 (Midden A), 8Vo1705 (Midden B), and 8Vo1706
(Midden C). Transect subsurface testing was not implemented
for 8Vo1709 (Mound D) in that site boundaries were well
defined. A total of 26 1 by 2 meter and nine 2 by 2 meter
units were excavated at all four sites, with 8Vo1709 (Mound
D) being tested with only one 1 by 2 meter unit at this level
of investigation.
29
Secondary transect testing (horizontal) was accomplished
via .5 meter tests at intervals of 15 to 20 meters on the
more extensive sites with less well defined areas being
tested at reduced intervals. This testing was generally
conducted utilizing a 15 meter grid and three transects which
represented the most eastern areas of the shoreline midden
deposits, peripheral midden deposits, and shell scatters and
off - midden areas to the west. Test units were excavated in
arbitrary 10cm levels and sifted through 1/4" wire mesh
screen, with each level receiving a separate archeological
provenience designation.
The 1 by 2 meter tests and 2 by 2 meter excavation units
were placed in areas of the site which represented high
midden or artifact densities. In addition, units were
excavated to define the spatial distribution of the midden
deposit from its eastern core along the shoreline to its
peripheral areas to the west. All units were excavated in
arbitrary 10cm levels in natural stratigraphic zones and
sifted through 1/4" wire mesh screens. All site features and
stratigraphy were documented through use of photography and
unit mapping.
RESULTS OF PHASE II & PHASE III INVESTIGATIONS
Site 8Vo1704, Shell Midden A
Site Description - Site 8Vo1704 is situated in the
northeastern portion of the project area in the NW quarter of
30
+ r
the SE quarter of the SW quarter of Section 1, Township 18
South, Range 34 East of the Edgewater quadrangle of the
U.S.G.S. 7.5 minute topographic map series. Bordered to the
east by the Indian River salt marshes and oriented near
north - south, Midden A measures approximately 240 meters in
length and ranges in width from 40 to 60 meters. These
dimensions vary slightly from those anticipated at the Phase
I level as the site was demonstrated to extend further north
that originally anticipated. Overall, the site is
characterized by intermittent areas of dense shell midden
with transitional and outlying peripheral areas of less dense
shell "fields" and scatter, Figures 4 and 5.
Areas of midden concentration occur in their greatest
density in the central portions of the site, in an area in
the extreme northern area of the site, and a smaller area
near the southern boundary. Many areas of the site are
represented by midden deposits with an observable absence of
cultural and faunal materials.
A natural, freshwater creek bisects the central
portions of the midden and drains into the intracoastal
river. Those areas immediately north and south of this
unnamed creek (in peripheral western areas of the midden)
contain the highest frequencies of cultural and faunal
materials.
31
- K -t `
A
°'" EOOEMAtE VaO1N6 ,.+ L £^' Y , ` r ,
Y . �\ ` WAT OE A r TM y a > a # dm. .s« i
A . , '. ', EX uNIT 4 7 ,, .
r `*L
N .
i
•
44 4
x � , ''' ' ' 4° '- ='mss .,��.«..�� .�....,..:....
Figur 4. Shell Midden A, Site 8Vo1704, Profile.
- * '''..-\ -'-',„'..,„0,*.e;'.I ' r= ii. -- L -
`z t. , ' ° ,, .0 73S .0'''''' g EX UN'
,, .,. ;.
. b , t ,. 'i .
,„,
3
Figure 5 Shell • Midden A, Site 8Vo1704, Profile.
i
While there exists areas of concentration where shell
midden deposits extend to depths past 50cm below ground
surface, most of the site is represented by a relatively
shallow cultural /midden deposit which seldom extends past
30cm below ground surface. Areas along the shoreline are
most dense extending to 50cm below surface. Midden density
and thickness decreases to the west with peripheral areas
being characterized by shallow deposits of 20cm to 25cm in
depth.
Stratigraphy at 8Vo1704 is generally characterized in
Table 4:
Table 4. Stratigraphy: Shell Midden A (8Vo1704). *
0 - 10cm b.s. top humus
10 - 25/50cm b.s. shell midden in 10yr 2/1 loamy black
sand matrix
submidden deposit 10yr 3/1 very dark gray to 10yr 5/1
gray mostly greasy sand.
* Munsell terminology
Cultural materials were recovered from the midden zone
and, in the case with the more shallow midden deposits, in
the upper levels of the submidden soils.
Excavation Strategy - Midden A (8Vo1704). This site was
tested extensively through the excavation of 14 1 by 2 meter
units. Determined eligible for inclusion in the National
33
Register based upon criteria established in 36CFR60, a
primary recommendation of preservation was recommended.
Informed by the project's sponsor that preservation was not
an acceptable alternative, Phase III mitigation efforts were
initiated following consultation with the Florida Division of
Historical Resources (Robert Taylor, personal communication,
1988). As prescribed in 36CFR800, Phase III investigations
were employed to mitigate the impact of construction and the
loss of a regionally significant cultural resource. Phase
III efforts were completed at this deposit through the
implementation of seven 2 by 2 meter units. Placement of
these units was determined through an analysis of materials
produced by intensive transect subsurface testing, as well as
placement of Phase II 1 by 2 meter tests.
Units were nonrandomly placed in the following manner:
the northern end of Midden A was tested near site datum
(N287/E290); the southern end of the midden was investigated
(N31/E357); a shallow and isolated late St.Johns period
deposit situated just north of the creek was extensively
tested (N210/E280, N210/E279, N210/E281, N211/E279,
N208/E281, N208/E282); testing was done across the site near
midpoint just south of the creek to reflect the horizontal
distribution of cultural deposits known to have existed for
that area (N131/E333, N131/E321, N131/E302); subsequent
testing in the same area in an effort to further delineate
34
said deposits (N122/E340, N137/E330, N125/E327); testing of a
shallow cultural deposit which was discovered on the western
periphery of the midpoint of the site as a result of the
aforementioned cross site testing (N129/E301, N129/E298,
N127/E298); a shallow and isolated late St.Johns period
deposit situated just south of the creek was investigated
(N131 /E300, N131/E306, N134/E302.
Phase II and Phase III field investigations of Midden A
produced a total of 1324 artifacts including 1307 ceramic
sherds, seven modified bone fragments, three modified shell
implements, two projectile points, two modified pumice
fragments, and two pieces of early historic ceramics.
The ceramic assemblage includes 1019 St.Johns Plain, 262
St.Johns Check- stamped, 25 Dunns Creek Red, and one St.Johns
scored sherd. Of interest is that the St.Johns Check- stamped
pottery recovered from 8Vo1704 represents the only
check- stamped ceramic found throughout the entire project
tract. This ceramic type represents the only apparent late
St.Johns period (ca. A.D. 800 - A.D. 1565) deposits and,
consequently, related occupations in the project area.
The deposits occur in a relatively small and isolated
fashion just north and south of the creek along the western
peripheries of the midden. A differential pattern of
deposition was demonstrated during Phase II investigations.
In particular, the northern concentration, which is better
35
defined and more concentrated than the southern deposit, is
represented by a total of 256 sherds, 191 (75 %) of which are
St.Johns Check - stamped. This northern deposit also produced
seven bone pin fragments, one modified Busycon columella,
and, from the upper level, two fragments of a green
lead- glazed (exterior) earthenware (salmon /orange paste)
which, due to its composition and thin walls, may represent
early contact period activity (late 16th century through late
17th century). It should be noted that no other historic
artifacts were recovered from this area or nearby.
The two projectile points, the pumice fragments, one
shell plummet, and a worked columella fragment were recovered
from an area south of the creek near the midpoint of the
midden. The projectile points most closely resemble
Duval /Bradford points which represent earlier St.Johns period
deposits. The projectile points were recovered, along with
the rest of the aforementioned artifacts in deposits which
were void of St.Johns Check - stamped pottery.
Check - stamped pottery representing later St.Johns period
occupation was recovered from another small and isolated area
in the most northern portions of the southern creek region.
Like the northern concentration of St.Johns Check- stamped
pottery, the southern deposit occurs in a circular fashion.
Non - ceramic artifacts were not recovered from the southern
deposit, however.
36
A representative faunal sample consisting of all animal
bone recovered from two units representing the late St.Johns
period deposit (N208/E281 and N208/E282, a total 2 by 2 meter
area) north of the creek was analyzed for comparative
purposes. A total of 800 animal bones were recovered from
these units. Of these, fish predominates the assemblage with
340 (43 %), followed by indeterminate vertebrate 285 (35%),
turtle 137 (17%), deer 14 (4%), and finally bird 7 (1%). A
vertical distribution of this sample (see Table 5)
demonstrates uniformity of species exploitation through a
relatively brief period of time (ca. A.D. 800 - A.D. 1565).
Table 5. Vertical Distribution of Faunal Materials from
Midden A North; Late St.Johns Period Deposit
Level* Fish Turtle Deer Bird Ind.Vertebrate
L1 103 41 0 1 87
L2 231 92 11 6 192
L3 6 4 3 0 6
Total 340 137 14 7 285
* Represented by 10cm levels.
In terms of features, with the exception of the possible
remnants of a hearth in the western quad of N131/E302 (1 by 2
meter unit), no discernible cultural features were observed
at 8Vo1704. Several shell "pits" or depressions were
37
observed throughout the investigations, but these appeared to
be more of a result of differential deposition, or natural
"dips" in the midden deposit, rather than the remains of a
cultural "pit" per se.
An assessment of the significance of Shell Midden A is
based upon Phase II and Phase III investigations completed at
8Vo1704. These investigations have resulted in the recovery
of archaeological materials which suggest prehistoric use and
occupation of the site during the early to late St.Johns
periods )ca. 500 B.C. - A.D. 1565. While faunal and cultural
materials were recovered throughout the site, areas of
highest artifact density were located immediately north and
south of the creek which is situated in the central portion
of Midden A. These include the late St.Johns period isolated
deposits as well as earlier and broader areas representing
earlier St.Johns period occupations.
In general, subsistence related activity deposits, and
in particular those regarding non -shell fish (mostly drum and
catfish) and turtle (mostly common water. turtles and
soft - shelled turtle) increase to the east and towards the
core of the midden immediately along the shoreline. This
deposition pattern is evidenced by the increase in frequency
of related faunal materials in those areas. This most
specifically applies to the areas immediately south of the
creek.
38
The only non - ceramic diagnostic artifacts, the two
Duval /Bradford -like projectile points, bracket both early and
late St.Johns periods. Bullen (1975) dates these points to
the St.Johns IB and IIA periods (ca. A.D. 200 - A.D. 1250).
This timeframe possibly most accurately represents the time
of occupation of the project area. Both points are
manufactured from non - regional stone and one is probably
thermally altered. It should be mentioned that while there
exists dimensional variance regarding Duval /Bradford point
forms, these types were used to most closely describe the
recovered projectile points.
Although Shell Midden A (8Vo1704) has been demonstrated
to contain deposits of St.Johns materials associated with
coastal settlement and subsistence practices, the lack of
distinct cultural features appears evident based on the large
volume of the site sampled during Phase II testing and Phase
III mitigation. It seems unlikely that significant cultural
features occur within this deposit. Additional
investigations at this site would most probably be repetitive
and are not thought to be capable of significantly increasing
the information gained from Phase II investigations. As a
result, it is the opinion of this investigation that Shell
Midden A no longer constitutes a significant archeological
deposit, and is not, therefore considered eligible for
inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places.
39
Site 8Vo1705, Shell Midden B
Site Description - Like 8Vo1704, site 8Vo1705 is located
in the northeastern portion of the project area in the NW
quarter of the SE quarter of the SW quarter of Section 1,
Township 18 South, Range 34 East of the Edgewater quadrangle
of the U.S.G.S. 7.5 minute topographic map series. Oriented
near north -south along the western shore of the Indian River
salt marsh, Midden B measures some 250 meters in length and
approximately 30 meters in width. The site is separated from
Midden A to the north by an approximate 40 to 50 meter break
in an otherwise continuous linear shoreline shell midden.
Similar to Midden A, 8Vo1705 is characterized by
intermittent areas of dense midden with transitional and
outlying peripheral areas of shell "fields" and scatter.
While slightly larger than 8Vo1704, midden deposits at
8Vo1705 are considerably more dense, Figure 6.
Comparatively, the site represents one of the most extensive
midden deposits on the project tract. In areas of
concentration, the midden often extends to and past 50cm
below ground surface. However, in most areas of the site,
midden deposits seldom extend past 30 -40cm below ground
surface.
Stratigraphy at 8Vo1705 is very similar to that of
Midden A (see 8Vo1704 stratigraphy description) although the
midden deposit at Midden B is generally thicker as previously
40
l �Y .
f.T .+ Y
i �. is ^key � u' �, '$ r m Y `" �t �
• is i.
y ¢ 7 Lam
6 hlkrir.'; '
_ .y. • ' der "
S S 4! �# : ^K.. . :. , a s } .. .,.a " wMj"'T
1
'.0.
f
�T p .� ' � if o- w ,
0
Figure • 6. Shell Midden B, Site 8Vo1705, Profile.
.,,.
g , .Ct j rr 'Y R
....4•„,.. " -It. e - # � -, - -.4 •: , �� + fi e „i ^. m w
1 ,,,,c,..
IN 0%; . : "Ig'''' ' ' . .,. ' e : , t '7* E
.
a ' r `i. ' * 4* ; ,
+ ' "* Wit '
-,ax �.. .
Figure 7. Shell Midden C, Site 8Vo1706, Profile.
discussed. Of interest is that differential midden deposits
exist in certain areas of the site in which changes in
species ratios and frequencies (oyster and clam) are
observable suggesting a significantly different or varying
subsistence focus than that demonstrated in Shell Midden A.
Areas of midden and artifact concentrations occur almost
exclusively along the core midden immediately west of the
shoreline. Unlike 8Vo1704, no peripheral cultural deposits
were observed off the core midden, suggesting a potentially
different settlement pattern between Shell Middens A and B.
In addition to the prehistoric deposits at 8Vo1705, an
historic site apparently exists in the north - central portion
of the site (see Figure 3). Named Los Pinos (the pines) on
local maps including the U.S.G.S. topographic map, the site
is situated on the Indian River North. Archival research
failed to provide historic background on the site. Moreover,
excavations in the immediate area of where the site is
thought to be produced no historic artifacts. Only nearby
burnt oyster piles might possibly evidence this as an
historic site. Local historians suggest that it is a Spanish
place -name which survived through time. No archeological
evidence was recovered during Phase II investigations to
confirm Spanish colonial activities at Midden B.
Excavation Strategy - Due to its extensive and
relatively evenly deposited materials, along with the
42
uniqueness of some of the artifacts produced during transect
subsurface testing, Midden B was examined through the use of
six 1 by 2 meter excavation units and two 2 by 2 units placed
at even intervals along the central midden deposits. These
included from north to south units N456/E531, N412/E527,
N380/E525, N350/E525, and N318/E523. One 1 by 2 meter test
excavation unit, N403/E506, was excavated in the central -west
peripheries of the site to mitigate the impact of a proposed
road right -of -way. This mitigation effort was implemented in
order to expedite road construction activities at the request
of the project's sponsor.
Phase III mitigation efforts were initiated following
consultation with the Florida Division of Historical
Resources (Robert Taylor, personal communication, 1988). As
prescribed in 36CFR800, Phase III investigations were
employed to partially mitigate the impact of construction and
the loss of a regionally significant cultural resource. This
mitigation effort allowed for the initiation of road
construction activities on the western peripheral area of
Shell Midden B, while construction impact was avoided in the
main site area pending completion of the current
investigation.
Phase II investigations, as well as limited mitigation
efforts, conducted at 8Vo1705 resulted in the recovery of 328
artifacts, 320 of which were fragments of St.Johns Plain
43
pottery. Only one other ceramic type was observed, Dunns
Creek Red, and it is represented by a single sherd. In
addition, four pumice fragments, one bone bead, one shell
bead, and one metal (lead) object, possibly an ornament, were
recovered.
The shell and bone bead, along with a shell bead "core ",
were recovered from the same location (at N412/E527). It is
possible that these artifacts represent a specialized
activity related to bead manufacture.
While artifacts were fewer in relative frequency than
Midden A, several were unique in nature as discussed above.
More importantly than the artifacts recovered is the
diversity of subsistence related materials observed at
8Vo1705. A preliminary analysis of faunal material from
Midden B indicates that fish again was the most exploited
vertebrate species. Of 1176 total animal bones, 534 or 45%
were fish (mostly drum and catfish) remains. In addition, a
variety of animal resources were utilized in relatively
lesser degrees. These include deer, opossum, raccoon,
turtle, snake, squirrel, bird, and shark. Shellfish procured
included oyster, clam, cockle, whelk, and mussel with oyster
and clam predominating and often occurring in observably
separate layers with the midden deposit.
Discernible cultural features were not identified
during the testing of 8Vo1705. However, a charcoal and sherd
44
concentration in unit N380/E525 may represent a feature,
although this has not been confirmed. Like Midden A, shell
depression were numerous and lacking in evidence regarding
the nature of their deposition. The lack of discernible
features such as postmolds, postholes, refuse and storage
pits, hearths etc. suggest that actual settlement activities
occurred to the west of the site in off - midden areas.
Phase II archaeological investigations at 8Vo1705
produced evidence of aboriginal occupation during the early
St.Johns periods (ca. 500 B.C. - A.D. 800). Unlike certain
areas of 8Vo1704 to the north, St.Johns Check- stamped pottery
is absent from the artifact assemblage. If Check - stamped
pottery is used as a horizon marker for the late St.Johns II
period (ca. A.D. 800) in this culture area (Milanich and
Fairbanks 1980:148, 162), this occurrence may suggest an
earlier St.Johns period deposit. It is also possible,
however, that this occurrence is a result of differing
spatial distributions of ceramic types across the project
area, although it is more probable that the former is true.
In terms of subsistence materials, the analyzed faunal
materials recovered from Shell Midden B exceeds by 30% in
quantity that of Shell Midden A. This fact, when viewed
against the greater diversity of both vertebrate and
invertebrate species present in the Midden B sample, becomes
more significant when the midden sample volumes are compared
45
as the excavated Midden B sample is only one -third the volume
of the Midden A sample (Midden A area sample = 56 m2 compared
to a Midden B sample of 20 m2).
In terms of assessment, Phase II investigations have
demonstrated that Shell Midden B (8Vo1705) appears to contain
a St.Johns I period deposit primarily related to the
extraction of marine estuarine vertebrate and invertebrate
species. In addition, and perhaps to a lesser degree, a
seemingly wide variety of upland vertebrate species appear to
also have been exploited during early St.Johns times (500
B.C. to A.D. 800). The presence of charcoal fragments in the
recovered samples also suggest that this site may contain the
remains of exploited floral or plant species as well.
In view of the archeological data classes demonstrated
and available at Shell Midden B, this deposit appears to
represent an cultural resource deposit capable of yielding
significant subsistence pattern information regarding
St.Johns period aboriginal occupations in the Indian River
North region. The fact that the site appears to represent a
St.Johns I period occupation (500 B.C. to A.D. 800) with no
apparent post A.D. 800 occupation increases the significance
of the data contained in the site's archeological record.
The Phase II archeological assessment of Shell Midden B
(8V01705) indicates that this deposit constitutes a
regionally significant archeological site, and is considered,
46
therefore, eligible for inclusion in the National Register of
Historic Places as defined in 36CFR800, Section 10 (d).
Site 8Vo1706, Shell Midden C
Site Description - Site 8Vo1706 is a relatively small
and isolated shell midden which occurs approximately 40
meters south of Midden B (8Vo1705). It measures
approximately 30 meters in length and 20 meters in width and
is oriented southwest to northeast, diagonally to the Indian
River North. It is situated in the central portion of the
project tract (see Figure 3) in Section 12, Township 18
South, Range 34 East of the Edgewater U.S.G.S. quadrangle
map. Its northeast end approaches the shoreline of the
Indian River salt marsh.
In terms of vertical distribution, Midden C is similar
to Shell Midden B in midden deposition in that areas of
concentration extend to 50cm below ground surface. However,
this midden density occurs in an isolated 10 by 10 meter area
at the middle of the site. Stratigraphy is similar to that
described for both 8Vo1704 and 8Vo1705, Figures 7, 8, and 9.
Excavation Strategy - Three connecting 1 by 2 meter
units (N494/E511, N499/E511, N499/E512) were placed in the
dense isolated midden deposit for maximum data yield. Unit
N499/E511 was originally designed as a 2 by 2 meter Phase III
level excavation unit but was excavated in the same fashion
as the previous 1 by 2 meter unit for comparative purposes.
47
• l
. Y
,..,,-;-,44.:,,,,, .
, _ ...,... i , .. ,„ t, : 1:74Nr i: ; '''''''
e
Figure 8. Shell Midden C, Site 8Vo1706, Profile.
a
IV ' � ; °
7.' "?' ' '' , � � / a EWAUR waxiw
° °. Elt UNI ''
�r .z a„�d� �� g �' �- �� '4S\ � 'Y" � -#`
,
R
Figure 9. Shell Midden C, Site 8Vo1706, Profile.
Due to the size of this deposit, a single 2 by 2 meter
excavation unit was considered an adequate sample by which to
mitigate the impact of construction upon a regionally
significant cultural resource which had been demonstrated to
meet National Register eligibility requirements as defined
in 36CFR60.
Phase II and Phase III investigations of 8Vo1706
resulted in the recovery of 111 artifacts. These include 107
St.Johns Plain sherds, one St.Johns scored, a modified basal
sherd of Dunns Creek Red which may be a shallow paint bowl, a
bone pin fragment, and a sandstone abrader.
Faunal materials recovered totalled 567 with fish again
predominating the assemblage (over 50% of total animal
remains). Turtle and deer are also represented in the
assemblage in lesser degrees. No discernible cultural
features were observed at 8Vo1706.
Site 8Vo1706 represents an isolated midden deposit with
cultural materials which suggest an early St.Johns period
(500 B.C. - A.D. 800) occupation /deposition. While limited
in size, it fits well into the site pattern established by
8Vo1704 and 8Vo1705 to the north. When compared to the
extensive nature of the deposits at Shell Midden 8V01705, and
when viewed in terms of area sampled via mitigation effort,
Shell Midden C is no longer considered to represent a
significant archeological site and is not, therefore,
49
considered eligible for inclusion in the National Register of
Historic Places.
Site 8Vo115, Shell Mound (Shell Midden D).
Site Description - Site 8Vo115 is a shell and earth
mound which occurs 25 meters to the southwest of Midden C
(8Vo1706). It measures approximately 20 by 20 meters and is
roughly circular in form. Its west margin is "banked"
possibly as a result of partial destruction due to earlier
bulldozer removal of shell for road fill. The mound measures
approximately one meter high.
Excavation Strategy - Due to the uniqueness of the site,
only one 1 by 2 meter unit was excavated to test Mound D at
this level of investigation. The unit, N503/E501, was placed
utilizing the grid system established for Midden C (8Vo1706).
The unit was oriented north -south on the south- central
portion of the mound. The 1 by 2 extended from the margin of
the mound north into an area approaching what is probably its
densest area, Figures 10 and 11.
The testing of Shell Mound D at N503/E501 resulted in
the recovery of 34 fragments of St.Johns Plain pottery and
323 pieces of animal bone. No other artifacts or cultural
features were recovered or observed. An examination of
Table 6 reveals the complex stratigraphy present in that
portion of the mound tested.
50
y }w. s � ... „ ED tANDrN6 �' ?, "' tea. °
... s .,.... ax 'r* t S AS RO .N.
VRO PILE
11 %1Ir. • i'
, ' _ &- -• -. _. r It
fi
4.
K
Figure 10. Shell Mou D, Site 8Vo115, Profile.
.,, - ` `' ,
. ". ,� „ � 3" �. ," fir -
s
Arta 10D'" �. ... . A
..... ,....,..,,,,..:„._,....,..,.....„.,,,c,..... 4 „---. J . •,.k,,, w s
s, y a es
e
' ;
4
:mot
Figure 11. Shell Mound D, Site 8Vo115, Profile.
Table 6. Stratigraphy: Shell Mound (Midden D) 8Vo115. *
0 - 5cm b.s. Top humus
5 - 10cm 10yr 2/1 black loam with white sand
10 - 45cm 10yr 6/2 light brownish gray sand with
much shell (primarily midden deposit)
45 - 60cm 10yr 5/1 gray sand with no shell
60 - 70cm 10yr 5/1 gray sand with some shell
70 - 75cm 10yr 6/1 light gray sand with no shell
75 - 95cm 10yr 3/2 very grayish brown sand with
much shell
95 -140cm 10yr 6/1 gray sand subsoil
* Munsell terminology
The faunal assemblage was predominated by fish (over 51%
of total animal bone) with turtle and deer also being
represented. The presence in Mound D of what appears to
represent a "typical" coastal shell midden faunal assemblage,
especially when viewed with the lack of human remains or
burial pit evidence, suggests mound function may be more
subsistence related than religious or ceremonial as
previously suggested by Phase I data. In any event, precise
mound function is still undetermined, perhaps a result of the
limited testing of this site.
52
The faunal assemblage vertical distribution is presented
in Table 7.
Table 7. Shell Midden (Mound) D, 8Vo115, Faunal
Distribution
Level Ceramic Fish Turtle Deer Misc. Bone Total
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 4 0 0 0 0 0
3 17 6 1 0 4 11
4 1 3 1 0 5 9
5 1 46 2 2 24 74
6 0 36 6 0 22 64
7 1 11 2 0 10 23
8 4 25 2 0 15 42
9 0 4 2 0 3 9
10 5 .17 0 0 54 71
11 0 1 0 0 0 1
12 1 11 0 0 3 14
13 0 5 0 0 0 5
14 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 34 165 16 2 141 323
The Phase II assessment of Site 8Vo1709 (Mound D), is
difficult especially in view of the lack of a precise
assessment of site function. Although once thought to
53
perhaps represent a shell capped burial mound, Mound D
appears to be more subsistence related rather than
ceremonial. Additional testing, particularly in the eastern
and central portions of the site, may be necessary to confirm
this. St.Johns Plain ceramic and faunal materials occur in
relatively even frequencies in vertical distribution, with
the exception of turtle (box turtle, misc.) remains which
begin to appear in level 9 (80 90cm below surface).
However, it is possible that the mound does not
represent an even deposition of cultural materials in that
the mound, or parts of, may have been constructed from the
surrounding shell midden matrix. Stratigraphy seems to
indicate some intact deposition though. Furthermore, that
cultural materials occur below the mound floor possibly
indicates site utilization prior to mound construction. In
any case, the absence of St.Johns Check- stamped pottery and
other late period diagnostic artifacts seems to suggest that
mound construction and use occurred during the early St.Johns
period (ca. 500 L'. C. - A.D. 800) . Although speculative, the
mound may represent an early attempt at ceremonial mound
construction not necessarily related to burial deposition.
PROJECT SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
During a 14 -day period in October and November 1987, a
Phase I Archeological Site Assessment Survey was conducted of
a 150 acre tract known as the Edgewater Landing Development
54
Tract located in Volusia County, Florida. Following the
identification of eight archeological sites (Johnson 1987),
plans were formulated to conduct Phase II investigations in
order to make a final determination of eligibility for
inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places.
During Phase I survey, two of the sites identified had
been previously recorded as Sites 8Vo115, the Shell Mound or
Midden D, and 8Vo116, Sand Mound A. Theses sites were listed
in the Florida Master Site Files in Tallahassee and were
recognized during project background research. A third
listed site, 8Vo117, was not located during fieldwork. While
8Voll6Bwas considered insignificant due to site destruction,
8Vo115b was subjected to Phase II investigations.
Of the remaining six sites, two, 8Vo1707, Shell Midden E
(the "shell islands ") and 8Vo1709, Shell Midden G, are
located in areas not currently scheduled for development,
thereby affording a preservation status. In addition, Site
8Vo1708, Shell Midden F, was deemed insignificant at the
Phase I level. The remaining four sites, 8Vo1704 (Shell
Midden A), 8Vo1705 (Shell Midden B), 8Vo1706 (Shell Midden
C), and 8Vo115B(Shell Mound D) were subjected to Phase II
and /or Phase III investigations.
The results of Phase II and Phase III investigations of
four sites at Edgewater Landing are summarized in Table 8.
This table presents the National Register (NRHP) status of
55
4
all sites at Edgewater following the Phase II assessment.
Recommendations for future site management are presented in
the following section.
Table 8. Edgewater Landing NRHP* Site Status
Site Number NRHP Classification
Mound A - 8Vo1168 Not eligible
Shell Midden A - 8Vo1704 Not eligible
Shell Midden B - 8Vo1705 Eligible
Shell Midden C - 8Vo1706 Not eligible
Shell Midden D (Mound) - 8V01155 Eligible
Shell Midden E - 8Vo1707 Potentially eligible
Shell Midden F - 8Vo1708 Not Eligible
Shell Midden G - 8Vo1709 Potentially eligible
* NRHP - National Register of Historic Places
RECOMMENDATIONS
Analysis of faunal materials from 8Vo115$(Mound D) as
well as those recovered at other sites in the Edgewater
Landing project area from both late St.Johns period deposits
and what are viewed as early St.Johns period sites confirm
the uniform nature of subsistence strategies in the St.Johns
archaeological region whereby a basic life -style of hunting,
fishing, and collecting of wild resources persisted up into
the historic period. Faunal materials collected from both
early and late period contexts demonstrate an observable
similarity in the type of resources exploited over time.
While Shell Middens A and C contain moderate quantities of
subsistence pattern data classes, Shell Midden B maintains a
56
much greater diversity of this information. This site, along
with Mound D are considered eligible for inclusion in the
National Register of Historic Places and are therefore
recommended for preservation or mitigation should development
threaten site integrity. These sites maintain good to
excellent archeological integrity, clarity, and preservation.
In regards to management recommendations, should
preservation not be a viable alternative at Shell Midden B,
then this site should be subjected to archeological
mitigation. Although 3% to 5% excavation is sometimes
considered an adequate sample, it is the opinion of these
investigations that a smaller sample recovery would
effectively mitigate adverse impact. A research design which
emphasized the intensive analysis of faunal and floral
remains recovered from this site at the microlevel (i.e.
archeological flotation) would probably be capable of
providing the most significant information regarding
aboriginal diet during the early St.Johns period.
This emphasis, intensive zooarcheological and
ethnobotanical analyses, when coupled with an adequate areal
sample designed to recover artifact and other data would,
when augmented by radiocarbon dating, be capable of adding
significant information to our current knowledge of St.Johns
I coastal adaptations. This research strategy seems best
suited to recover maximum data yield from a reduced site
57
sample. This recommendation is based upon current knowledge
of the site and the anticipated lack of a large volume of
cultural features.
Recommendations for Shell Middens E and G (8Vo1707 and
8Vo1709) remain the same as those presented at the Phase I
level, these potentially significant sites should be
subjected, if planned for future development, to Phase II
investigations to reach a final determination of National
Register eligibility. None of the remaining Edgewater
Landing sites listed in Table 8 is recommended for additional
Historic Preservation activities.
58
REFERENCES CITED
Berge, Martel 0.
1988 Personal communication. Radnor Edgewater
Corporation, Edgewater, Florida.
Browner, Charles De Wolfe
1906 Shell Heaps of Florida. Records of the Past 5:9.
Bullen, Ripley P.
1975 A Guide to the Identification of Florida
Projectile Points. Kendall Books, Gainesville.
Bullen, Ripley P. and Frederick W. Sleight
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